Henry ford Drivers ed paper :: essays research papers

Born July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan, henry Ford was the first child of William and Mary Ford. As a adolescent man he became an excellent self-taught mechanic and machinist. At age 16 he left the farm and went to nearby Detroit, a city that was becoming an industrial giant. There he worked as an apprentice at a machine shop, while months later he would begin work with steam engines at the Detroit run dry Dock Co., where he first saw the internal combustion engine, the kind of engine he would later use to make his automobiles..On April 11, 1888 he hook up with Clara Bryant and soon after they had their first son Edsel. By Christmas Eve 1893, Henry completed his first gasoline engine and started to build racing cable cars. In 1901 his car beat what was then the worlds fastest automobile in a race before a crowd of eight thousand people in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. The packaging he received for this victory allowed Ford to finance a practical laboratory for refining his auto i deas.In 1903 the Ford Motor Company was formed. nation did not believe he could make a car that the working man could suffer. He achieved his goal of having a car that the average man could afford by using the idea of mass production. Ford soon began production on his most famous car the model T. It took a while besides in 1913 Ford created the first moving assembly line in his contrivet. Soon demand for his affordable cars soared.Of course, at that place were not always supporters of Henry Ford. If fact, there were many critics who believed that Henry Ford was so controversial that it prevented the potential of Fords from becoming greater than it is today. By the mid twenties the Ford was already the worlds most boffo automobile company, but their great reputation would soon decline. On January 5, 1914 Henry Fords announcement of the incredible $5 dollar/day plan swept the newspapers across the nation. The Detroit Journal announced, The surprise of the labor leaders and the c onsternation of manufacturers, Henry Ford announced on Jan 5, 1914 that a minimum wage of $5 dollars/day would be instituted immediately in the Ford plants, along with a profit sharing plan for all male employees. Not only did Henry Fords new deal shock the nation it sent a tremendous number of workers to Detroit. For the next ten years people would do anything to become a worker of one of Henry Fords plants.

Gothic vs. Romanesque Architecture Essay -- Architectural Style Buildi

Gothic vs. Romanesque ArchitectureMissing Figures Where are you when you wake up? Where are you when you are learning? Where are you when you go to pray? Where are you when you go to work? Where are you when you are having fun? The answer is that you are in a building or structure of several(prenominal) kind and style. All of the buildings and structures that one sees around them is designed and built with much thought and care. They are all designed and built by what we call architecture. correspond to Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary architecture is the art or science of building specifically the art or practice of designing and building structures and specially habitable ones, a method or style of building. Architecture is a science according to Merriam-Webster because it is a department of systematized knowledge as an purpose of study, something that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge . This can be seen as that buildings and structures have certain r ule and laws that apply to them when they are design, constructed and inhabited. Architecture is an art according to Merriam-Webster because it is the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects . This can be seen as that buildings and structures do not only follow form and function but expression and feeling. Architecture has basically three steps. They are design, construction, and physical exertion of the space or how the space is inhabited. Architecture is to building or structure as literature is to a book or novel.Over the course of western history there has been many heads and styles of architecture, spanning from pre-history where mainly stone and timber were used to the 20th century where glass and steel seem to have seemed to take over. Each style and period have given there own part to todays architecture such as the Greeks ideas of columns, to the Romans usage of arches, to the Industrial Age of building with iron, steel and glass. When buildings and structures were first constructed there was very little interior space and there was much more emphasis on exterior space, such an example is that of the Greek and Roman architecture. The reason that there was more emphasis on one then another was simply because of the engineering and techniques that was available at the time and the limited amount of ideas and unders... ...these styles have there own elements and also share some elements. Today both of these styles can both be seen in use today. The round arch and barrel vault are suave used and stained glass and flying buttresses are still used today.To be able to look around the world today and see the buildings and structures that were built during the Romanesque and Gothic period of architecture is amazing. During those periods the advancements that were made would allow their buildings and structures to become hundreds of years. To be able to go to Europe and see the same buildings and s tructure that were seen over hundreds of years ago is unbelievable. Even though there have been immense advancements in architecture over the years the basic of much of todays architecture goes back to the Romanesque and Gothic period and other periods of architecture. It was from the massive ideas of these periods that the great ideas of the present come. The courage and ingenuity of the people of the past helps the people of today challenge what they can do and pushes them to strive further. So with what was make before makes what is done today possible and helps to push the ideas and concepts into the future.

The Wolf :: essays research papers

The WolfDestiny, perhaps from the very beginning, claimed the eat as a symbol. Has any another(prenominal) animal stirred up hu slice passions the way the wolf has? Its haunting howl, itsincredible stamina, its brilliant eyes, and its superiority as a predator allhave been r grievoused as nefarious, and even blessed, traits. Ironically, these a wishcharacteristics have also been revered as belonging to a majestic, and sometimesspiritual, creature - a symbol of the magnificent, untamed wilderness.In truth, the wolf is neither evil nor exceptionally good - neither demonnor god. Wolves are simply predators. Their role as a predator must not bereduced, however, to that of savage killer. Wolves, like humans, need to eat tosurvive. In this process, wolves also provide a service they help preservenatures delicate balance by keeping herds of deer, elk, moose, and other adultmammals in check, as well as keeping these populations strong and geneticallyviable by preying on the weak and si ck.Both the idealized wolf and the demonic wolf are creations of the humanmind. It is not easy to transcend the image of the Big Bad Wolf that has filledour myths and legends, but if we know only this wolf we do not truly know thewolf at all. And what we do not know, we fear. Our fear is perhaps the greatestthreat to the survival of the wolf, for it causes us to respond rather than act,to repel rather than respect. But this fear and hatred did not always separateman and beastMan the hunter once looked on the wolf the hunter with admiration. Man andwolf both used their keen intelligence to overcome the disadvantages they facedin their day-to-day existence. Survival for both was intensify by hunting andliving in groups or packs. And, at one time, the chance of survival for each wasalso increased by following, learning from, and adapting the skills of the otherto its own advantage.As long as mans daily living was earned primarily as a hunter, he knew arespect for wolves, and coexisten ce was relatively peaceful. Eventually, man andwolf took up together in a process of domestication that brought a differentmeaning to their coexistence. Even while those early ancestors of mans best virtuoso enjoyed this new relationship, the wolves that did not come in from thecold were beginning to be cast in a different and less favorable light, for thedog was not the only animal toward whom man turned his attention in the earlydays of animal husbandry.

Whole Language versus Phonics Essay -- Education Language Communicatio

Whole Language versus PhonicsWhole Language versus Phonics has been a question among many top educational groups for years. Which is the scoop out way to teach kindergarten children the proper way to speak and learn the English Language? There are many valid reasons why experts argue for some(prenominal) phonics and/or intact run-in. Both seem to be exceptional ways to master the English Language. The purpose of this research paper is to compare phonics versus whole language and to determine how technology can support each approach.The history of the use of phonics dates back to the 1700s. Backs then, children were taught to read through their memorization of the twenty-six-letter alphabet. Since many books hadnt been written, their primary textbook was the Bible. Although at that place is no accounts for when whole language originated some believe that it was around the same time as phonics. The whole language recital method was far-flung for thirty years, from around 1940 to 1970. From around 1970 to 1990, phonics was popular. Whole Language gained the most recent foothold around 1990. (Stahl 1996) Several times they have gone back and forth. The look at over whole language and phonics has gone on for years. Which way is best in teaching children how to read? The education world has been debating this issue for years and there still are no exact answers. In more recent years instruction specialist have argued that some sort of nub ground should be reached because it would give children the benefits of both. (Cromwell 1997) Some form of middle ground needs to be obtained if childrens needs are going to be met.What is whole language? It is the process of learning a language through whole word teaching. Combining reading, writing and s... ...1997). Phonics vs. whole language Which is better? Retrieved May 2, 2004,http//www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/reading/phonics.shtmlIRA. (December 2001) Integrating Literacy and Technology in the Curriculum. Retrieved May 3, 2004, http//www.reading.org/positions/technology.html Stahl, S. (1996) History of reading. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. (CD- ROM). uppercase Microsoft Corporation. Ghate, O. (November 20, 2003). Modern Educators vs. Reading. Capitalism Magazine, Page Unknown, Retrieved May 3, 2004. http//capmag.com/article.asp?ID=3337Sanchez, R. (March 19, 1998). A mixed approach to reading. Washington Post, Page A02, Retrieved February 26, 2004. http//www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A99123-1998Mar19Found=trueYoung, Laura (2004). Interview at Alpine Elementary, Pearblossom, California.

Essay on What Dreams May Come :: What Dreams May Come

What Dreams May Come When mortality is contemplated, issues of life, death, and the hereafter are usually the first of a myriad of topics to spontaneously arise as if they are from the dark depths of a persons soul. I believe that this is most eloquently stated by Hamlet For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. (III. i.) This passage served as inspiration for Richard Matheson, the reservoir of the novel, What Dreams May Come. This essay is in two parts discrepancies between the book and the movie, and views of life/death in the movie and book. Part I Discrepancies The first discernible discrepancy between the book and the movie is that the movie is a movie (meaning that the movie progresses with the characters for the most part except for the occasional flashback) while the book is a retrospective by Chris of his life and escapades written after he is dead. The first chapter of the book opens with a mediu m at Richard Nielsens (Chriss brother) door. It appears that after rescuing Annie in her very own, peculiar(a) edition, private hell, Chris finds a medium, and he pesters her until she agrees to transcribe his journal (it took her six months) and hand deliver it to Richard. A nonher major discrepancy between the movie and the book is that in the book the children do not die. In fact, the children are they way that Chris can find his way back to Annie through their thoughts and prayers. Before Anne dies, Chris gets Albert (not his son in the book) to pay heed up how long Anne is to naturally live. Albert comes back and reports that it is twenty-four years. Chris becomes devistated and worries about it. Then, Anne kills herself. In the book, Anne would not be in her own patented hell forever still for the time she was to live (she still committed suicide). So she would be in her desolate hell for twenty-four years. That doesnt seem too bad but Chris would not hear of such, and the n proceeded to persuade Albert to help him get in touch with Anne again. Richard Matheson became a new-age metaphysical expert in order to write What Dreams May Come. He wanted the book to be as realistic as possible, so he acquired dozens of books (all listed in the Bibliography) and first hand Near Death get down accounts from people from all walks of life.

Essay on What Dreams May Come :: What Dreams May Come

What Dreams May Come When mortality is contemplated, issues of life, decease, and the hereafter are usually the first of a myriad of topics to spontaneously arise as if they are from the dark depths of a persons soul. I believe that this is most eloquently stated by Hamlet For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. (III. i.) This passage served as inspiration for Richard Matheson, the author of the novel, What Dreams May Come. This essay is in two parts discrepancies between the book and the motion picture, and views of life/death in the movie and book. Part I Discrepancies The first noticeable discrepancy between the book and the movie is that the movie is a movie (meaning that the movie progresses with the characters for the most part except for the occasional flash spinal column) while the book is a retrospective by Chris of his life and escapades indite after he is dead. The first chapter of the book o pens with a medium at Richard Nielsens (Chriss brother) door. It appears that after rescuing Annie in her very own, limited edition, private hell, Chris finds a medium, and he pesters her until she agrees to write down his journal (it took her six months) and hand deliver it to Richard. Another major discrepancy between the movie and the book is that in the book the children do not die. In fact, the children are they way that Chris can find his way back to Annie through their thoughts and prayers. Before Anne dies, Chris gets Albert (not his son in the book) to look up how long Anne is to naturally live. Albert comes back and reports that it is twenty-four years. Chris becomes devistated and worries about it. Then, Anne kills herself. In the book, Anne would not be in her own patented hell forever but for the time she was to live (she still move suicide). So she would be in her desolate hell for twenty-four years. That doesnt seem too bad but Chris would not hear of such, and the n proceeded to persuade Albert to attention him get in touch with Anne again. Richard Matheson became a new-age metaphysical expert in order to write What Dreams May Come. He wanted the book to be as realistic as possible, so he acquired dozens of books (all listed in the Bibliography) and first hand Near Death Experience accounts from people from all walks of life.

How to Improve Reading Comprehension

Tony Sandoval III Ameri female genital organ Military University Coll 100 Derrah Q. Cassidy How to Improve rendition Comprehension How to improve ones look ating comprehension? First, one moldiness know what reading compression is, plain and simple it is the act of understanding what is being read. Learning how to read is probably one of the some key skills that a child impart acquire in his/her lifetime (Pardo, 2011). Though it may sound easy, many people have difficultly remembering and understanding what they read. To become a successful referee, a child must be able to decode the individual spoken communication on the page and must be able to cop the text (McNamara, 2007). To read effectively pick a subject that will be interesting, try to figure out what you and the book have in common. and then, endure on the material being read and develop a discipline approach to the reading. Preview the material by looking over it and determine what the most eventful split of the text are. Pause after each paragraph to reflect on what was just read so the sensation can adopt it.Next focus on the reading speed one has. Once this is done, test yourself over the material to en authorized it is being comprehended. This will get your brain working to paying attention most of the time. When reading, one must be willing to push their self beyond where they are at. Reading is an extraordinary doing when one considers the number of levels and components that must be mastered. Consider what it takes to read a simple story. The manner of speaking contain graphemes, phonemes and morphemes (McNamara, 2007).Most people will not stock-still understand half of what was just said or written. Even though the reading material might be hard, little by little the words will make since once they are pieced together in a way that could be understood better. Also, try to think ahead and concentrate on certain parts to get your brain working on paying attention to what is bei ng read. While reading, highlight what might be the most cardinal part of the text. This will ease to determine what is being said in the reading. Some readers might want to ask questions while reading.This will help them when piecing parts of the main point of the article together to make more sense. While reading, stop after each paragraph to help reflect on the convey of what was just read. Proficient readers dont just plow ahead through text when it doesnt make sense they stop and use fix-up strategies to restore their understanding. One of the most important fix-up tools is rereading, with teachers demonstrating to students a variety of ways to reread text in order to repair meaning (Zimmerman & Keene, 2007).This will help gather thoughts about the material and gleam some light on the subject. While reading concentrate on what info is being put out in the article. At times readers will have questions come to mind and the reader must find the answers. If they have sticky n otes to jot down things, the reader will be able to call back the information. A readers successful comprehension of text material is evidenced by the representation that, at a minimum, is coherent enough to fib for all the information explicitly presented in the text (McNamara, 2007).The reader should then sort through and prioritizes information from the sea of words that is in the text. This will help indicate that comprehension can be recalled and be understood by the reader. The reader should frequently summarize the reading. This forces the reader to reorganize the information in a way that is sensible to them. Though reading can be fun, it can also be time consuming. The success of reading comprehension depends on the factors of what information is being entered into the brain and what the brain is able to do with it.It is also important to understand what you are reading to help improve your speed. This skill is acquired through years of learning. If speed reading is not the best, do not worry because there are many bakshishs that can help a reader. One good tip is called the hand trick. The reader should place the palm of their hand flat against the reading surface. Move the hand so that the first line of text being read is above the side of the hand. Slowly move the palm to revile the words of the text at a regular speed so the reader can see the words that are being exposed.Next, is the finger trick with this method the reader should place the index finger on the first group of words that is about to be read. Move the finger in an irregular manner from the beginning of the sentence to the end. This helps the reader to focus on reading groups of words quite of individually. Another good tip to become a better reader is the card trick. Get an index card and place it over the first sentence. Then slowly begin moving it in a downwards, covering what was just read. This helps the reader to pay attention on what was just read since they will not have the opportunity to revisit the words.After the reader has finished, determine what was learned. Give the reader a chance to share what they have read in pairs or small groups. Then have them quiz themselves on the main points of the material. Tell a maven about it. By doing this, the reader should try to recall the important information in their own words. This will help them to remember and give a deeper insight into the topic. If both people have read the same material, the friend could give good feedback to ensure that the reader comprehends what was being read.The goal of having them discuss this is to involve more people so they can all make sure they can comprehend the reading. This process will solidify the knowledge in the mind and give the reader a better recall of the information. Also let in any thoughts that might have popped into your mind and discuss the information. The evidence that reading comprehension can be taught and learned is convincing. Teachers need to mak e sure that children are familiar with all of the reading strategies and that they are given plenty of opportunities to use them (Pardo, 2011).Youll achieve the best results using the set of strategies in this paper. This will help incite the reader to anticipate what is to come, pay close attention to whether they are understanding and frequently pause to summarize, going back to fill in gaps in the information. The reader should consider using the methods mentioned above. Reviewing these individual skills of comprehension can quickly help the reader see, that the skills require higher thinking and an ability to view the material that has been read.Bibliography McNamara, D. S. (2007). Reading Comprehension Strategies Theories, Interventions, and Technologies. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pardo, L. (2011). Increasing Reading Comprehension Through The Explicit Teaching Of Reading Strategies Is There A Difference Among The Genders? Project Innovation, Inc 13. Zimmerman, S. , & Keene, E. (2007). Retrieved September 30, 2011, from Waht Are the seven Reading Comprehension Strategies? Retrieved from http//www. choiceliteracy. com/public/144. cfm

Organisational Behaviour Essay

Accoring to Agarwal, (2007) organisation and management have been analysed and theorised since man first collaboratively worked together to achieve common goals. Motivational theory explores forces acting on or deep down a person that cause the arousal, reignion, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effect and is a frequently investigated argona of organisational behaviour (Barnet & Simmering, 2006.P. 563). With no one unanimously back up theory, it is not surprising that each theorys development attracts a flock of critics, each dedicating time and resources to questioning validity. Miner, (2007) gives a comprehensive account of theory, describing a good theory as one that presents erratic insights, is interesting, purposeful, testable and well written, adding depth to the literature it is grounded in. It is from this yard stick that this essay aims to evaluate the two content theories substantial by Frederick Hertzberg and David McClelland.Initi every last(predicat e)y, each theory testament be overviewed, to develop a general collar of the conclusions made regarding motivational strategy. An evaluation of the strengths and limitations each theory presents depart follow, identifying how these assessments can be applied to contemporary organisations. Through this it will be shown that regardless of the limitations theories experience, their development and subsequent scrutiny, continues to uncover the enormous potential associated with understanding and respecting the infixed motivational make up of persons. Hertzbergs Two-Factor TheoryFredrick Hertzberg developed the Two-Factor Theory after conducting a convey in the 1950s, which border oned 200 engineers and accountants from different companies. Using the circumstantial incidence technique, Hertzberg asked open questions, encouraging interviewees to identify and prioritise factors effecting their job fulfilment (Kondalkar, 2007). From this research Hertzberg suggested job satisfaction be approached by identifying motivational factors with the potential to blend to satisfaction and hygiene factors that risk dissatisfaction if not keep to an appropriate standard (Kondalkar).Motivating factors were found to be associated with job content whilst hygiene factors stemmed from the scope in which the job was performed (Wood et al, 2010). diagram one, lists these factors and illustrates the limitations Hertzberg discovered in linking mellowed-level motivation with hygiene factors. That is, any improvement in hygiene factors do not trigger off workers but their reduction below a certain level will dissatisfy them (Kondalkar, p. 106). besides, it can be seen that no overlapping factors relating to both satisfaction and dissatisfaction exist, as the conclusion was made that they were independent rather than opposite extremes on a single continuum as traditional views had held (Wagner & Hollenbeck, 2010, p. 130). Diagram one (Content taken from Kondalhar, 2007, pp. 105-106) Upon evaluation, a number of criticisms have come forward, many relating to the breadth of Hertzbergs study.The research involved limited respondents all virile white-collar workers in accounting and applied science firms therefore the inevitably of many occupational groups were not reflected (Wagner & Hollenbeck, 2010). Also the study failed to recognize individual diversity and the varying prioritisation of needs relating to ones age, gender and goal (Wood et al, 2010). Wagner and Hollenbeck (2010), question Hertzbergs critical-incident technique claiming that it is a questionable research method, subject to errors in perceptionmemory andsubconscious biases (p. 31). This view is echoed by Wood et al (2010), who ar concerned that Hertzbergs method may have encouraged respondents to attribute positive experiences at work to their own management of situations, and negative experiences to environmental conditions beyond their control. For this reason the theory has be en labelled method bound indicating that similar results could not be achieved through any other approach, thus limiting its credibleness and successful application in other work settings (Kondalkar, 2007).Finally, there is ambiguity surrounding the labelling of motivational versus hygiene factors. Many factors showed up as both satisfiers and dissatisfiers, oddly those related to salary, relationship and status (Miner 2007). So, managers wishing to apply the theory must be aware of these limitations, rather than assuming Hertzbergs motivational and hygiene factors will be germane(predicate) to all organisations. Despite its imperfections, Hertzbergs theory has been successful in developing a framework through which organisations can approach job design and enrichment.It may provide managers with a starting point for understanding and explaining individual performance, and offer suggestions for improving employee output (Wood et al 2010). Broadly categorising motivational factors as being internal, and factors leading to dissatisfaction as external, has highlighted that natural human motivation comes from ones desire to improve themselves, be engaged in meaningful activities, and be accept for their efforts, rather than purely for monetary gain.Furthermore, Miner (2007) considers employees who focus solely on hygiene factors, as an employment risk, being less driven, and more dependent on frequent external incentives to stay motivated. This information may be useful if these factors can be assessed within the recruitment process. In practical terms this theory encourages organisations to take a more personal approach to their staff. To assess the charge or absence of these contributing factors, organisations could work closely with their workers, developing their own unique set of hygiene and motivational factors specific to their people in their industry.With open communication channels and improved workplace relationships, organisations have the potenti al to increase transparentness into individual motivational needs of employees. This would put them in a improve position to ensure their workforce remains motivated, whilst environmental conditions are appropriately maintained to facilitate optimal performance. Motivational factors could be addressed through addressing performance feedback, development of internal or external client relationships, knowledge acquisition and individual influence over ones time and schedule (Herzberg 1976 as cited in Miner 2007).For hotel employees, an intranet website could be utilised for charting individual performance results, customer/interdepartmental feedback, posting educational programs on offer and a feedback forum to make suggestions sent direct to management. Giving employees transparency into departmental running costs, the responsibility to manage their own costs, and allowing employees to direct justifiable funds into areas they feel could improve unit output, could also em indicator and motivate individuals (Miner).McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory McClelland utilise an arousal base approach to studying motives which began by linking hunger and the influence of food images on thought processes (Miner J. , 2005 pp. 47-48). This was later applied to such areas as achievement (nAch), affiliation (nAff), and power (nPow). The Thematic Apperception Test measured needs by evaluating stories written by people after viewing particular images, which were categorised, according to which need they appealed to (Wood et al, 2010).Through this study McClelland found that although most people presented a combination of nAch, nAff, nPow characteristics, one usually dominated, and the identification of the predominant need could help provide insight into an individuals behaviour, management style and therefore, job suitability (Miner, 2007). He also explains how all three groups learn through experience, which circumstances evoke the strongest sense of personal satisf action, and are gravitated to activities that regularly provide that experience (Miner, 2007).McClellands theory in some way helps to provide an explanation for those people who may not fit into the motivational model proposed by Hertzberg. McClelland was interested in the influence of unconscious motives on human behaviour (McClelland, 1987 ) and his acquired needs theory would categorise the 200 accountants and engineers interviewed by Hertzberg, as being nAch. That is, all their motives relate to the intrinsic desire to improve ones abilities and reach ones goals in order to obtain the feedback that they are achieving something (Wood, et al 2010).Diagram two outlines the conditions needed to engage nAch individuals, many of which could be applied to someone with entrepreneurial ambition (Miner, 2005). Although those seeking such conditions could be perceived as valuable employees, their shortcomings may emerge when involve to manage others if they do not possess the emotional intelligence required to understand those whose need for achievement is not as strong (Miner). Diagram Two (Content taken from Miner, 2007, pp. 36-44) McClellands theory goes on to identify two other categories of people.Those with nAff bias have a desire to be liked by everyone, enjoy human interaction and working towards team goals. For this reason nAff individuals may find management challenging when they are required to make tough decisions that are not supported by subordinates, however may still perform well in project management roles (McClelland, 1987). NPow people may be better suited to upper management as they are less likely to put the maintenance of amicable relationships before the needs of the organisation (Miner, 2005).As with all three categories, the nPow group also has its negative tendencies. As outlined in diagram two, according to McClelland (1987), there are four sequential stages of power, and those that reach the final examination stage, have the highest pr ediction for managerial success. Others who may become entrenched in personal power motives may manage people poorly due to their absorption with their own needs, and fail to develop respect due to high inhibition and low affiliation behaviours (McClelland).According to Wood et al (2010) the main significance of McClellands research was that it proved nAch behaviour could be successfully learnt throughout life, and did not have to be acquired in early childhood as originally thought. Also McClelland clearly established a link between nAch motives and entrepreneurial activity and performance (Miner, 2007). This has important practical implications for organisations as it indicates that appropriate training of employees could increase the presence of nAch and nPow motives, which have been supported indicators of high-level performance (Miner).McClelland has successfully developed and implemented such programs around the world (Miner, 2007) and believes this finding could be applied t o developing nations and take a shit considerable improvements in the performance and output of entire countries (McClelland, 1961). Alhtough McClellands theory recieves more support than many other early theories, its key limitation lies in the convenience of practical implementation (Robbins, 2009). Whilst managers may benefit greatly from knowing and understanding the implications of needs biases of employees, such subconscious patterns re difficult to assess (Robbins), and the methods used to do so, such as psychometric/motivational testing or motivational interviews/surveys can prove time-consuming and costly.Therefore the time and financial commitments required to assess subconscioius needs of employees is a barrier for many organisations (Robbins). Another drawback of the theory relates to the lack of relevance for female employees. The theory was formulated after analysis of male subjects alone, and when women were later studied the results were inconsistent, despite achiev ement motivation being significant with women entrepreneurs (Miner 2007).Such concepts as fear of success reduced achievement motivation scores, with high inhibition and power motivated behvaiours operating in completely different ways (Miner). Organisations should therefore be mindful that McClellands methods may only be relevant to the male contigent of their workforce when considering practical implementation. Managers may overcome these limitiations if equipped with the knowledge of the three core needs and practice recognition of the behaviours which represent them (both within themselves and others). at a time educated individuals may, with experience, become skilled needs assessors. Until individuals have had an opprotunity to experience a range of nAch, nPow and nAff related situations, they themselves may not have a clear understanding of their own needs bias. They may feel dissatsified or unmotivated or both, without really understanding why. For this reason it may be usef ul to give employees a chance to experience the various factors, then assess their responses, in order to help them identify with their own subconsicous motives.Also educating employees about the various tendencies, may in itself help employees to recognize where they fit within the needs theory model. During a workshop, the various needs concepts could be explained, then each individual could map their needs on a scale such as shown in diagram two, in order to see where their tendecies lie. A questionaire could be developed with each practise having a particular rating within each of the categories to assist employees with identifying with their needs.You are working on a team project with three others, and they are impartial and not pulling their weight. Would you a) Be happy that you could run the project in your own way and be motivated by the challenge? b) Organise a social function and try and get everyone engaged through developing positive relationships?

How does Priestley present ideas about Mrs. Birling in ‘An Inspector Calls’? Essay

Mrs. Birling shows a complete deprivation of self-awareness from the beginning of the play and in addition exposes her wishes to be detached from any matchless with a lower social status. Mrs. Birling says during the dinner (reproachfully) Arthur you are not supposed to say such things the way that she criticises her husband from what comes across as a antiquated pleasant remark from Mr Birling shows how she doesnt which to praise or associate her self with anyone below her in the social hierarchy.This reflects Priestleys point that the beneficiaries of Capitalism submit little respect or have even the slightest sense of empathy for those below them in society. The way she as well reproachfully condemns her husband is also very peculiar, it is intimately as if she is unaware by the tension created by her remark on what is a very important family occasion. This may also be a contract of subtext that Mrs. Birling also might be dissatisfied with the social gap between her and hu sband. This could perhaps be a subtler view of Priestleys about the lack of cohesiveness between classes in society.Relationship with SheilaDespite her lady friend being a grown woman who is in the process of marrying, Mrs Birling is of the view that Sheila is incompetent of speaking for herself. When Sheila (half serious, half playful) criticises Gerald for not coming near me last summer Mrs Birling doesnt pick up on the playful nature of her daughters remarks and instead tries to pacify the tension, which is ironic as it was created by herself in the first place, she decides to lecture her daughter and demean her importance and how she should spend to being stake rate for her future husband men with important work to dospend nearly all their time and energy on their business. Youll have to rag use to that, just as I had and Sheila replies I dont believe I will this also shows how Sheila clearly has a capacity to intensify which we experience later in the novel. This also repre sents Priestleys view that men who go after(prenominal) an endless pursuit of wealth not only has a negative effect on society as a whole that also those most closest to them.Welfare StateMrs Birling is utilize as a contrast of the future welfare offer in 1912 rich people would decide on their own prejudices on who deserves welfare and who doesnt. So Priestleys attack is also how the rich keep even the most basic human rights away from the poor. When describing hearing Eva Smiths case she says She was claiming elaborate fine feelings and sense of right and wrong that were simply absurd in a girl in her coiffe Mrs Birlings reference to a girl in here position highlights her class prejudice and how just because she was of a lower class wasnt considered to be genuine or believable. It might be a coincidence that she is called Sybil but there is a clear use of sibilance by Priestley feelingsscruplessimplyabsurd this highlights the sinister sound of Mrs Birling, designed to show he r evil intent.IronyPriestley also highlights the hypocrisy of Mrs Birling, when she is referring to Eva Smiths case. Mrs Birling describes the elaborate fine feelings and scruples which were simply absurd shows a strong sense of irony. Mrs Birling refers to Evas feeling of elaborate, and then she attempts to use the most advances vocabulary she can ridiculous airsscruplesabsurd to disguise her snobbery and prejudice. Her clear discrimination of the lower class is displayed when she tells the inspector As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money The demeaning labelling of her as a girl rather than a woman shows how superior she feels. She also feels morally superior suggesting that a lower class girl would ever refuse money trying to suggest that the poor are always after money, this once more is heavily ironic. As after all Eva Smith only wanted a couple more shillings a week while the master(prenominal) attraction of the marriage of Sheila and Gerald is the alliance between the 2 firms, allowing lower costs, higher prices showing Priestleys view that it is the rich that crave money not the poor. denounceAs the play progresses Mrs Birlings characteristics become more clear, despite it being quite clear to Sheila who the father of Evas daughter is Mrs Birling seems negligent to the reality of what is occurring. Rather than facing the reality Mrs Birling decides to attack, the father who is unknown at this stage I blame the young manhe didnt belong to her class and was some drunken young idler the way that Mrs Birling not only critices the young man for being drunk and release a young girl with an unborn baby but also because he didnt belong to her class this shows how Mrs Birlings marginalization of the on the job(p) class community is exactly the opposite of the sought of society Priestley would want to create.Even after it is plain to Sheila who the father is Mrs Birling blindness is so apparent as she continues to unknowingly castigate her own son certainly, he ought to be dealt with severely- and Sheila replies mother stop stop shows how Sheila is the opposite of her mother and is picking up events at a rapid rate. Sheila comment of dont you see is a metaphor, not only does it suggest Mrs Birling doesnt understand but also referencing to Mrs Birling blindness and lack of thoughts. Mrs Birlings further throwaway remark youre behaving like a hysterical child tonight again is another example of her completely misreading of the situation as in fact Sheila is quite intelligent in her evaluation that the father of the son must be Eric.ConclusionOverall, it is quite clear that Mrs Birling (much like her husband) is a perfect example of the ills capitalism and what needs to change. Priestley would like a society where the state provides welfare to those who need it, not by the prejudices of the rich. A society where money isnt what epitomizes success but people ability to care after one and other. As suggested by Inspector Gool e We are one body. We are responsible for one another shows how each specific character has a clear simple purpose. For Mrs Birling its to be symbolic of the greediness that capitalism involves.

When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection

The book, when Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit introduces a very intelligent, smart, and social girl Anna, who has a brother named Max, and lives with her mother and father. Her father has many connections to other people since he is a well known Jewish writer thitherfore, he knew to survive to Switzerland in case Hitler won the elections and took control. Anna does non know how lucky she is to be saved from all the trouble taking place in all of Germany.Going from estate to country is hard for any family, and I know it would be hard for me, but Anna showed me that it does not matter what appends as long as we have our family to desexualiseher. When Anna warned her dad roughly almost being led to the train to Germany, it showed how bright she was. She adapted to the Switzerland lifestyle very quickly. She made many new friends and even the boys wanted to play with her. rather of being homesick and complaining ab come out wanting to go back, she taught me to bump off the best of diffic ult situations and find the positive in everything.A few months later she had to move to Paris, France. Moving constantly is something I would hate to do, especially on train, but she kept a positive attitude the whole way. She struggled to speak French and in school, and sometimes she could not do anything about it. Her difficult time are an example that nothing can always go the way you want It to. During the tale, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someone to fix It. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anta- Jewish and rude.Her mother was extremely upset and kicked him out of the house. They decided to move away to England with an uncle. Her mom Is a strong example of letting the negative Influences go away and Instead being with better, positive Influences like family. Father motioned hard in his writing Job and It reminds me of my parents and their hard work to support my family. Without the work they d o, we would not be able to have what we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well In school and stay focused.Without mother, Anna would not be motivated to continue to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, It reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get Into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Is a great book that shows the world through the perspective of a ten year gray-haired girl. I related to Anna and her life struggles. Anna and her family stay together through the whole experience, and they find out a way to make their dangerous situation work.This story leads me to believe that everything happens for a reason, and whatever happens, have a positive look to It because everything happens for a reason. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection By illegally always go the way you want it to. During the story, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someone to fix it. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anti- Jewish and rude. Her mother was England with an uncle.Her mom is a strong example of letting the negative influences go away and instead being with better, positive influences like family. Father worked hard in his writing Job and it reminds me of my parents and their hard what we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well in to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, it reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit is a great book that positive look to it because everything happens for a reason.

Duke of Edinburgh Report

- Duke of Edinburgh Expedition Report Aim Observe covey in remote areas and compare with areas accessible by motorize transport Fri twenty-four hours Amount of litter Minor Thoughts Started our expedition on the top of a hill, near a cafe/ pub which is where we found the litter a box of beers. Apart from that the route was very difficult to navigate at first because the footpaths were al nigh non-existent. Furthermore, because of the remote location there was little disruption to the land, take a crap grew long, wild and marshes were hard to spot.There were few fields for cattle and many times our group had to take bearings because any signs, footprints and the footpath were not visible. This was probably the most physically challenging day as there were many hills and inclines. Photos Saturday Amount of litter Moderate Thoughts When exiting the campsite, there was visible litter on the floor. The route for this day was much easier and accessible than Friday because it was mostly over flat ground and there were very visible and well used paths to walk on. The entire group is dexterous at reading a map, compass and taking bearings as we did not get lost once.There was a great amount of teamwork because we constantly go over our position, while taking it in turns to read the map and lead. This made the expedition more gratifying as it spread responsibility evenly. We found more litter on the side roads, but none on the footpaths. Photos Sunday Amount of litter Large Thoughts Most of this consisted of walking through or around plenteous mud and fields which contained cattle. This was not enjoyable because there were calves with their mothers this made them aggressive and slowed our progress. Also we alked through many suburban areas that would be accessible by mechanize transport and found lots of litter. In a town we found many bins next to each other, but there was still litter and 50 meters away. The route this day took us through popular public footpat hs, in which we found the most litter. Photos Summary Over the course of the expedition, we discovered and reason that as a remote area becomes more accessible to motorised transport, amount of litter in that area increases. This was a very interesting and enjoyable expedition.

Employee Diversity Assignment

Employee Diversity Contents 1. Introduction. . 2 2. expediencys of employee diversity to organization2 1. Advantage of Language diversity 2-3 2. Advantage of sexual practice diversity. .. 3 3. Advantage of Age diversity.. 3-4 3. The problem of employee diversity.. 4 1. Communication problem. 4-5 2. Gender variety problem. 5 4. Solutions to the problem of employee diversity.. 5-6 1. Solutions of converse. 6 2.Solutions of gender discrimination . 6 5. Conclusion.. . 6-7 Reference. 8 1. Introduction The employee diversity can be defined as the employ manpowert of mickle with incompatible qualities and back grounds. The most fundamental of the definition of employee diversity be focus on race, gender, nationality, age. According to (Nancy R, June 2005), fast technological change, globalization, the demand for skills and education, an aging hands and greater ethnic diversification in the labor market energise greatly influenced the arrangement of diversity today.Todays definition of employee diversity includes race, age, ethnicity, gender or personality and graze style, secondary influence such as religion, socioeconomics and education. Nowadays, employee diversity is very population the lay down go down. It has advantages as well as accompanied by the disadvantages. 2. Advantages of employee diversity to the organizations 2. 1. Advantage of Language diversity In the organization if the employees are speaking distinguishable languages, it may adopt some benefits to the organization.For example, in the one fellowship if the modules speak not altogether one language, when the federation need some staff to go overseas to join some meetings or do some inspections and research. So the comp all can only pick up some staffs that can speak those countries languages and send them for the meetings or inspections instead of find out some translators or even spend money to hire some consultants. It re eachy can save the expenditure for the company. Nowadays, if a company want to be succeed, it really need to be able to better integrate into this world and alike need to broaden their horizons.The employees are the main force of the company their performances are really affecting the companys future. The employees language diversity can help the company to explore more overseas markets and make them more agonistic. 2. 2. Advantage of Gender diversity Gender diversity also has its own advantages for organization. In an era, people change their ways of thinking the gender diversity in the work place. They realized that not only men can do every work in the work place. Now, women are becoming more and more important in organization. Nowadays women piss the skill set for the upstart competitive demands of technical work.Companies agree that they need more technical devolveers with varied skills such as interpersonal skills and line of products skills. 93% of technical leaders in a survey indentified the building of collaborative network s in an organization as a crucial component of leaders (White, B, 2006). Women have the skills to meet the new demands of technological work both in terms of technical and interpersonal skills (Tray, L, 2007). Of course interpersonal skills are really necessary in the organization it is very useful and helpful for running the organization.All those show that women are indeed more suitable for certain parts of organization. These are also the advantages of gender diversity. 2. 3. Advantage of Age diversity Age diversity has its own advantages in the workplace. Nowadays in the work place, there are many contrasting age levels of workers. One part of them is old workers. More and more old workers in the work place are the current cut. Because now, people are untalkative much later in life than before and their careers are extended in the present day.According to the research by United States Department of Labor shows that surrounded by 1977 and 2007 employment of workers 65 and ov er increased 101 percent, compared to a much smaller increase of 59 percent for total employment (16 and over). For those older workers they all worked long time in the work place, definitely they got more experience and knowledge than the young age workers. Those of them can transfer knowledge and experience to the new workers. It can help the organization save the expenditure for sending the new workers for training.And the old workers experience can help the new workers avoid some rough-cut mistakes. In the other hand, nowadays in the work place there are also many young age workers. They also can bring the benefits to the organization. Compare with older workers, younger workers are more creative and innovation. They can help the organization to make better decision and improve problem lick (Harvey, Carol P M. June Allard, 2012). Nowadays, if the organization wants to remain competitive, it should encourage the staff to distribute a variety of ideas which leads to high gearer levels of innovation.This part of workers is really a new get-up-and-go of organization and they can help organization to keep up with the pace of the times. 3. The problems of employee diversity Consider the employee diversity in the work place. Besides the benefits, there are many problems come out as well. And all these problems may lead to loss for the organization. Below two problems are very common in the work place. 3. 1. Communication problem Communication barriers will lead to problems in the organization. For example, if a manager gives instructions about completing a task to a staff.But this staff fails to fully understanding the instructions because of the language barrier. And then the staff may make mistakes if he tries to complete the task without receiving clarify or even preceptort know what the task it is. This problem will cause the delay of the task complete or even fail. It will really cause the losings for the company. And if during a team work, the staffs h ave communication problem. It will affect the efficiency of work and sometimes it will affect the relationships of the teammates.And also because of the employees may come from different countries, so they may have their own work styles and behaviors and those situations also can cause communication problems among the employees. And finally affect the organizations benefit. 3. 2. Gender discrimination problem Gender discrimination is another very common phenomenon in the work place. According to the traditional thinking, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men and men are more capable than women at work. Thus, in the workplace, under the same conditions men will get more opportunity to be promoted than women.Same as in the management level, womens suggestion and ideas sometimes will be ignored or unaccepted. Above phenomenon have also can led to the lack of teamwork and inefficiency work. And this is also a reason of pay-gap between male and female workers. Sometim es the gender discrimination even happened in the recruitment. During the interview men really get high chance to get the job than women. According to a survey conducted by the center for Womens law and legal services of Peking University in 2009 (Womens legal philosophy and Legal services, 2009).This survey researched 3,000 female employees over one years time and got the results by analyzing data interviewed some women employees. According to employers set different criteria in recruitment and women have to have excellent performance than their male competitors in interview to get the same job. More than 1/3 of those women tell that male employees are easy to get promoted and priority is always given to male employees. This is fully illustrated gender discrimination really happened in the work place and it becomes a big problem in the workplace. . Solutions to the problem of employee diversity Regarding the problems of employee diversity in the work place, we need to get some so lutions to avoid or mould them. In case of these problems damage the interests of organization. 4. 1. Solution to communication problem ? Training Employees could be provided proper training to receive in certain language courses if they have language barriers. They also need to be trained how to use the organization internally information system such as telephone system, e-mail system. fare a SOP for staff to check the work has been access properly Communication problem always caused by misunderstanding and ambiguity and finally lead to loss for the organization. The organization leaders can set some standard operating procedure for staff to make received the work and information has been implemented properly. In the SOPs may include the instructions of work process and double check procedures. 2. Solutions of gender discrimination ? Set the relevant regulation of gender discriminations Make sure the employee handbook includes anti-gender discrimination policies.Create clear ex amples of gender discrimination to clarify any questions employees may have. And organize the staffs review and test regularly. ? Put reflected box in the work place In the organization it can be set the reflected box in the work place to encourage and promote the staff to reflect any problems especially the gender discrimination. Once the phenomenon happened, the organization should resolve it quickly and given the appropriate punishment. 4. Conclusion The employee diversity is a reflection of a present trend of this times. Diverse work teams can bring high value and benefit to organizations.Respecting individual differences will benefit the work place by creating a competitive edge and increase work productivity. But work diversity also causes many problems and they also can lead to loss for the organization. Therefore, we need correct to pillowcase and deal with the employee diversity. Words1486 Reference Eisenberg, Eric M. H. L. Goodall, Jr. & Angela Trethewey (2010). Organiz ational Communication (6th ed. ). St. Martins Bedford. pp. 25058 Harvey. Carol P M. June Allard. Understanding and Managing Diversity(5th ed) Boston Person. Harvey, Carol P. (2012). Understanding and Managing Diversity. New jersey Pearson Education, Inc.. pp. 5155. ISBN 0-13-255311-2 Nancy R, June 2005 , Retrieved 19 May, 2012 (httpweb. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. utas. edu. ) Tay, L. IT goes soft for career oriented women. Computer World, 2007 P18-21 United States Department of Labor , July 2008, Retrieved 19 May, 2012 (httpwww. dol. gov/spotlight/index. html), White, B, Leading Technical Professionals 2006, P21-22, Womens Law and Legal Services (2009, April 16) Workers Daily, P. A5,A6

Revisiting Day of the Week Effect in Indian Stock Market

In late age the testing of commercialise anomalies in argumentation returns has perform an active field of research in empirical finance and has been receiving fear non only from academic journals but likewise from the financial press as well. Among the more well-known(a) anomalies are the size effect, the January effect and the daylight-of-the work week effect. According to this phenomenon, the average daily return of the market is not the same for every(prenominal) age of the week, as we would expect on the stern of the effectual market theory. The objective of this paper is to examine the existence of day of week effect in Indian mental strain market.Daily stop prices of S&P CNX Nifty index flummox been analyzed over fifteen years extent commencing from January 1994 to December 2008. A set of parametric and non parametric tests has been used to test the equality of mean returns and tired deviations of the returns. The mean returns on Monday and Tuesday are n egative musical composition on Wednesday these are loftyly imperative. too, the impact of intromission of whorl settlement on the threadbare returns is observed. The results show that before roller settlement came in 2001, Tuesday was amazeation highly negative returns and Wednesday highly positive.But after the introduction of roster settlement, the seasonality in the dissemination of the mean returns crosswise contrastive years of the week ceased to appear. gum olibanum the markets have become more efficient over a design of time. KEY WORDS Market Efficiency, Cal residuear Anomalies and Day-of-the-Week Effect INTRODUCTION A Stock alter is a common platform where buyers and sellers come together to transact in securities. It may be a physical entity where brokers trade on a physical trading floor via an open outcry schema or a virtual environment.The Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) are the Indias two jumper cable rakehell exch anges. Indian security market is one(a) of the oldest markets in Asia. It has come a long focus from earlier long time of floor trading to the present day screen and net based trading. This news report is an attempt to have a deeper insight in to the behaviour and patterns of stock price distribution in the Indian stock market. The price of a security should vibrate around its intrinsic worth in any efficient market.In finance, the efficient-market supposal (EMH) asserts that financial markets are informationally efficient, or that prices on traded assets, e. g. , stocks, bonds, or property, already reflect all known information. The efficient-market hypothesis states that it is impossible to systematically outperform the market by utilise any information that the market already knows, except through luck. Therefore, the past price movements can in no way care in speculating the prices in future. The price of each day is independent. It may be unchanged, higher or lower fro m he introductory price, but depends upon new pieces of information creation accepted each day. So seasonalities cannot be used to formulate trading strategies to earn ab frequent returns according to efficient market hypothesis theory. Calendar anomalies are cyclical anomalies in returns, where the pass is based on the schedule. It describes the intention of stocks to perform contraryly at different times. For example, a number of researchers have attested that historically, returns tend to be higher in January compared to other months (especially February).There are three types of efficiencies as explained in efficient market hypothesis. So calendar anomalies mainly explain weak form of efficiency which says that previous price changes or changes in return are useless in predicting future price or return changes. Some of the calendar anomalies are Month-of-the year effect, Month-of-the quarter effect, Week-of-the month effect, Day-of-the-week effect or Weekend effect, Monda y effect, Hour-of-the-day effect or the residuum of the-day effect, holiday effect and turn of the month effect etc. Among them the day-of-the-week effect is most widely documented across the countries and markets.In context to stock market the majority of research findings, indicates that the stock returns remain low or negative on Monday. This paper examines the day-of-the-week effect in Indian stock market, using SP CNX Nifty entropy of last fifteen years from January 1994 to December 2008. REVIEW OF LITERATURE There is an elongated literature on the day-of-the-week effect in the stock returns. This section examines a few research workings on the day of the week effect in Indian and international stock markets. Ziemba (1993) investigated the weekend hypothesis for the Japanese market using daily data from 1949 to 1988.Tuesday recorded negative returns following a one day weekend and Mondays declined after two days weekends. Balaban (1994) put together day of the week effect in an emerging stock market ISECI of a developing country Turkey for the period 1988 to 1994. Highest returns on Friday and worst returns on Tuesday were observed. Mishra (1999) studied day of the week effect in Indian stock market using Sensex and Natex for the period 1986 to 1998 indicating the presence of day of the week effect in Indian stock market. Friday returns were found highest and significantly different from the mean returns of other days. Hence there exists a Friday effect.Berument and Halil Kiymaz (2001) tested the presence of the day of the week effect on stock market irritability by using the SP cholecalciferol market index during the period of January 1973 and October 1997. The findings showed that the day of the week effect is present in both volatility and return equations. While the highest and lowest returns were observed on Wednesday and Monday, the highest and the lowest volatility were observed on Friday and Wednesday, respectively. get ahead investigat ion of exchange-periods reinforced findings that the volatility pattern across the days of the week was statistically different.Sarma (2004) examined seasonality across the days of week in Indian stock market using BSE indices- SENSEX, NATEX and BSE 200. Highest variance on Monday was found and weekend effect was confirmed by this study. Nath and Dalvi (2004) examined the day of the week anomaly in Indian stock market for the period from 1999 to 2003 using index SP CNX NIFTY data. The study found that before introduction of rolling wave settlement in January 2002, Monday and Friday were significant days. However after the introduction of the rolling settlement, Friday became significant. Mondays were found to have higher standard deviations followed by Fridays.Davidsson (2006) found evidence of day of week effect in SP 500 index. Davidsson found Wednesday was the weekday with highest rate of return and Monday was weekday with lowest rate of return. likewise Monday was the only day with negative rate of return. Wednesdays returns were found approximately four times of Mondays returns. Badhani (2008) examined the presence of day-of-the-week effect on stock returns, trading volume and price volatility at the NSE during the period of 10 years from 1995-2005. Wednesday effect was found during earlier weekly settlement regime which now disappeared.Monday and Tuesday returns were consistently low but during recent sub period these were not significantly different from other days of week. Also on Monday the average trading volume was significantly low and price volatility was high consistently across the entire sample period. Mangala (2008) examined day-of-the-week effect in sub periods in Indian stock market using SP CNX Nifty data. Highest returns on Wednesday and lowest on Tuesday were observed. Also findings showed that seasonality in return distribution across weekdays was confined to pre rolling settlement time period thereafter seasonality vanished.DATA AND methodology This study covers a sample period of fifteen years from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2008 comprising a total of 3695 observations(days). The stock prices are represented by SP CNX Nifty index. The closing quantifys of this index have been obtained from the official website of National Stock Exchange (www. nseindia. com). There was trading on certain weekly closing days (i. e. 18 Saturdays and 3 Sundays) these days have been excluded from the sample. During the above sample period of fifteen years many structural changes also took conduct in the market.For example rolling settlement was introduced in place of weekly settlement system. Therefore, the behaviour of stock prices has been studied on an periodical basis so as to gauge the impact of these changes on the stock prices. Measuring the Daily Returns Daily per centum return on the index for a given day of the week has been calculated by subtracting the closing price of the previous trading day from closing pric e of that day, then dividing the resulting no. by closing price as on the previous trading day and multiplying by 100. Rt = Pt-Pt-1 * 100 Pt-1 Rt is daily return on the dole out price index for day tPt is the closing mensurate of index for the dayt and Pt-1 is the closing evaluate of the index for the preceding day. Hypothesis and Testing Procedure The null hypothesis is that there are no differences in the mean daily returns across the weekdays. The non parametric Kruskall- Wallis (H) test has been applied to test seasonality in returns across weekdays to test the hypothesis. Null hypothesis is Ho 1= 2= 3= 4= 5 Here, 1, 25 represent mean returns of different trading days of week. It heart and soul that mean returns across all the five days of week are equal. Alternative hypothesis is H1 1? 2? 3? 4? 5It implies that there is significant difference in mean returns across the trading days in a week. Different statistical tools have been used to find the results like mean, standa rd deviation, range, skewness kurtosis etc. therefore the most scientific and logical non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis (H) test has been applied to check the hypothesis. The Kruskall Wallis test requires the entire set of observations being ranked higher the value, higher is the rank and vice-versa- then arranged into nj ? 5 matrix where nj represents the rank of the return and columns represent the day of the week (Monday through Friday).The value of H is calculated by formula H = 12 ( pic (Rj)2 ) 3(N+1) pic pic N(N+1) nj Where Rj= conglomeration of ranks in the jth column nj = number of cases in the jth column N = sum of observations in all the columns The calculated H value has been compared with the table value of the chi-square(? 2) distribution with (k-1) degree of freedom, where k stands for the number of trading days in a week.Hence H0 is rejected if Hgt ? 2 H0 is accepted if Hlt ? 2 The value of H in our study is taken as the critical value at 1% as well as 5% direct of logical implication. farther Dunns multiple pair proportion test based on rank matrix build in K-W test has been used to find seasonality by a pair wise multiple relation procedure. It identifies whether particular day of the week differs from other days of the week. The test procedure relies on Kruskall-Wallis rank sum Rj. The data in the rank-day matrix prepared for H test is used for this purpose. For a given level of ? decide ? ? ? if Ru-Rv ? Z ? /k(k-1) N(N+1)/121/2 1/n + 1/nv1/2 Where, = 1, 2k-1 v= +1,. k k = 5 N = total number of observations n = fit number of observations in the uth column nv = corresponding number of observations in the vth column Ru = Average K-W rank sums in the uth columns of the rank matrix Rv = Average K-W rank sums in vth columns of the rank matrix Z? /k(k-1) = the upper percentage point of the unit normal distribution for a given significance level for 99 percent confidence level is 2. 575 get on the returns have been analyzed for two sub-periods i. e.Sub period-1 before rolling settlement (weekly settlement period) sub period-2 after the rolling settlement was introduced. In weekly settlement time period, Tuesday used to be as the settlement day on NSE. In 2001, rolling settlement was introduced which shifted settlement cycle from a fixed day of the week to fixed settlement lag. Tuesday settlement might be the possible reason for the observed seasonality in stock returns. DATA ANALYSIS Here the day of the week pattern of the SP CNX Nifty data from January 1994 to December 2008 has been tested, results of which have been depicted in tabular array 1.It is observed from the table that the mean returns on Monday i. e. -0. 08563 percent are minimum followed by Tuesday. Mean returns on Wednesday, thorium and Friday are positive out of which Wednesdays return with 0. 303 percent is maximum across all the days of the week. The mean return on Wednesday is close 8 times the overall mean return. Th e variation in mean returns measured in toll of standard deviation is found maximum on Monday (1. 870303 percent) followed by Friday (1. 740897 percent). It shows that trading on week lolly and week end is more volatile than other days of week.Skewness is positive only on Wednesday part other days of week have negatively skewed distributions. Kurtosis tells us the extent to which a distribution is peaked or flat topped when compared with a normal curve. The return distribution on Monday, Tuesday and Friday is leptokurtic while on Wednesday and Thursday are platykurtic. Through table it is also observed that range on Monday is highest which is also a measure of Dispersion. There is a significant difference in mean returns across different the different days of the week as evident by K-W (H) statistics (21. 78) which is highly significant at 1 percent level of significance. Therefore the null hypothesis of equality of mean returns across various days of the week stands rejected. Ta ble 1. Summary Statistics of Daily Stock Returns of SP CNX Nifty(Jan 1994-Dec. 2008) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday All geezerhood Mean -0. 08563 -0. 07615 0. 30300 0. 1895 0. 03221 0. 03838 Standard Deviation 1. 87030 1. 50858 1. 62655 1. 55153 1. 74090 1. 66944 Skewness -0. 71612 -0. 15909 0. 40400 -0. 05609 -0. 35999 -0. 24662 Kurtosis 4. 29741 4. 47636 1. 79652 1. 53957 5. 66062 3. 98682 Range 7. 54838 8. 29523 7. 9590 6. 30507 7. 83089 20. 53297 No. of Observations 741 742 740 744 728 3695 K W(H) Statistics 21. 278* * Significant at 1 percent level for 5-1 degrees of freedom Table 2 represents actual and pass judgment multiple comparison set as per Dunns multiple pair comparison test to study pair wise comparison among different days of the week. This test is based on rank matrix built in Kruskall Wallis Test.The reckoning of actual and expected values is shown in table 3 while the deviation of actual from expected ranks is shown in table 3. So it is ob served from the table 3 that there is inequality in Monday Wednesday, Tuesday Wednesday, Wednesday Thursday and Wednesday Friday pairs as these are showing positive deviation of absolute rank sum values from the corresponding Z value or expected value. It means these pairs are showing more inequality in returns than expected and Tuesday Wednesday is showing highest positive deviation. Also it is observed from the table that Wednesday appears in all above pairs.It means Wednesday returns are significantly different from the other days of week. Wednesday is showing highly different mean returns from substitute of the days. So a trading strategy of buying on Tuesday and selling on Wednesday may help an investor to earn abnormal returns. Table 2. Actual and evaluate Multiple Comparison Values Actual Expected RU ?Rv Z N(N+1)/121/2 (1/nu+1/nv)1/2 ZN(N+1)/121/2 (1/nu+1/nv)1/2 Monday-Tuesday 40. 64 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0519 142. 6521 Monday-Wednesday 197. 07 2. 575 1066. 799 0 . 0520 142. 7620 Monday-Thursday 30. 38 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0519 142. 5697 Monday-Friday 50. 24 2. 75 1066. 799 0. 0522 143. 3388 Tuesday-Wednesday 237. 71 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0520 142. 7070 Tuesday-Thursday 71. 02 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0519 142. 5147 Tuesday-Friday 90. 88 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0522 143. 3114 Wednesday-Thursday 166. 69 2. 575 1066. 99 0. 0519 142. 6246 Wednesday-Friday 146. 83 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0522 143. 3938 Thursday-Friday 19. 86 2. 575 1066. 799 0. 0521 143. 2015 Table 3. Deviation of Actual from Expected Rank Differences Monday-Tuesday -102. 12 Monday-Wednesday 54. 308 Monday-Thursday -112. 190 Monday-Friday -93. 099 Tuesday-Wednesday 95. 03 Tuesday-Thursday -71. 495 Tuesday-Friday -52. 431 Wednesday-Thursday 24. 065 Wednesday-Friday 3. 436 Thursday-Friday -123. 41 Table 4 represents the yearly distribution of mean returns on SP CNX Nifty for different days of the week from 1994 to 2008. Also to test whether these difference s in the mean returns on different days are statistically significant or not, the non parametric H statistics has been used. The table value of the chi-square (? 2) distribution at 1 percent level of significance is 13. 277 and at 5 percent level of significance is 9. 488. If we look at year wise KW statistics, up to year 1999 H statistics is highly significant and after 1999 it is insignificant. Table 4.Yearly Distribution of Mean Returns on SP CNX Nifty by Day-of-the-Week (January 1994 December 2008) Year/Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday KW Statistics 1994 0. 47012 -0. 16573 -0. 36687 0. 01075 0. 32745 9. 945** 1995 -0. 51580 -0. 33583 0. 25709 -0. 6627 0. 11756 11. one hundred forty-five** 1996 -0. 35599 -0. 35342 0. 53600 0. 18662 0. 07796 10. 114** 1997 -0. 46253 -0. 14396 1. 04706 -0. 16222 -0. 06761 19. 917* 1998 -0. 12914 -0. 52606 0. 78280 -0. 15417 -0. 22507 13. 245** 1999 -0. 00553 0. 07532 0. 98097 0. 10327 -0. 00305 14. 48* 2000 -0. 16997 -0. 2 8629 0. 49777 -0. 10239 -0. 16992 4. 989 2001 -0. 21325 0. 11775 0. 30553 0. 08010 -0. 60214 4. 987 2002 0. 00508 -0. 15830 -0. 05939 0. 07054 0. 22584 4. 226 2003 0. 15214 0. 13598 0. 26208 0. 13987 0. 38014 2. 323 2004 -0. 4126 0. 26824 0. 04482 0. 02138 0. 07889 1. 236 2005 0. 29696 0. 04875 0. 02291 0. 08195 0. 18711 1. 806 2006 -0. 09098 0. 01140 0. 22203 0. 22753 0. 33653 1. 198 2007 0. 24310 0. 32425 0. 02874 0. 30801 0. 02442 2. 139 2008 -0. 36369 -0. 13064 -0. 04547 -0. 5441 -0. 24632 1. 46 All Years -0. 08563 -0. 07615 0. 30300 0. 01895 0. 03221 21. 278* *Significant at 1% level **Significant at 5% level Further entire study period has been divided into two sub periods rate of flow 1 (January 1994 to Decemeber 2001) and period 2 (January 2002 to December 2008). Period 1 represents the time when weekly settlement was available and during this time frame NSE had fixed settlement day Tuesday. Period 2 represents the time period when rolling settleme nt was introduced in place of weekly settlement cycle. Table 5.Mean Daily returns on SP CNX Nifty by Day of the Week for Sub-Periods Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday KW Statistics Subperiod-1 -0. 17276 -0. 20228 0. 50504 -0. 01304 -0. 06810 42. 752* Subperiod-2 0. 00197 0. 05294 0. 09734 0. 03923 0. 12735 2. 84 *Significant at 1% level It is analyzed from the above table that in sub period 1 (1994 to 2001) all days except Wednesday gives negative rate of return. This is clearly the impact of Tuesday settlement that returns on Tuesday are lowest and on Wednesday it is highest positive. It means beginning of settlement cycle ives maximum returns while last day of settlement cycle called settlement day gives lowest returns. Also a very high value of KW statistics i. e. 42. 752 represents a high degree of seasonality in sub period 1 (before rolling settlement time period). To engage more frequency in the transactions and to bring Indian markets at par with the international markets rolling settlement on T+5 basis was introduced in December 2001. So in sub period 2 when rolling settlement was introduced, returns on all the days have become positive and Friday is prominent maximum returns and Monday is giving lowest returns.This hints towards the presence of some sort of weekend seasonality. But the value of H statistics is very low i. e. 2. 684. From this it can be inferred that the return distributions are not significantly different across the week days and the null hypothesis stands rejected in the sub period 2. Thus it may be concluded that with the introduction of rolling settlement on NSE the stock markets have become more efficient. CONCLUSION During the period 1994 to 2008, SP CNX Nifty index recorded highest positive returns on Wednesday and most negative returns on Monday with highest volatility on Monday and Friday.It means week start and week end tend to be more volatile in Indian stock market. Also it has been analyz ed that Wednesday is giving significantly higher returns than other days of the week which points towards the existence of Wednesday effect in Indian stock market. There was presence of day of the week effect in pre-rolling settlement period which gradually phased away(predicate) with the introduction of the rolling settlement. Markets have become efficient after rolling settlement has been introduced.So in present scenario we cant rely on a trading strategy formulated on the basis of historical return movements on different days to earn abnormal returns as seasonality has disappeared in the recent years of the study period.