Motivated by applications Essay

Until the last century, mathematics was always motivated by applications (Kline, 1973: iv); it took humanity an enormous time span to reach the abstraction capacity necessary to become interested in ‘pure’ mathematics. It follows that children take some time to reach the necessary mental maturity to deal with the formalism and type of thinking involved in abstracts and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in many countries, 21 (the end of this 7-year period) is the age for a young person to become legally responsible. It is a recognition, that only at this age are all human capacities fully available, and the individual is able to control and be totally responsible for his or her actions (Steiner, 1982; Talbot, 1995 and Bronfenbrenner, 1995). In conclusion, this paper supported my aim to prove that the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. The first argument I presented to support my aim is that computer technology is ecological and like all technology may have long reaching effects on children’s emotional, psychological, spiritual, moral and social sensibilities. Fostering a mechanical, rational view of social relationships. Secondly, I argued that a computer is a tool, and to be effective it is necessary children understand what it is and how it works. Just as a child’s physical development is stunted when muscles are not exercised, the development of disciplined thinking is stunted when the computer relieves the child of the responsibility for planning and organizing his/her thoughts before expressing them. It should be kept in mind that tools designed to aid the mature mind may hinder the maturation of the developing mind. Thirdly, I supported my aim by arguing that computers work with an extremely restricted class of children’s thoughts. It was demonstrated that early computer use and an emphasis on computer like thinking, is leading children’s development to be dominated by the rigid, logical, algorithmic thinking, that is characteristic of computer interaction. This accelerated, but isolated intellectual development, brings a child’s mental abilities to an adult level long before they have grown strong enough to restrain it and give it humane direction. The fourth argument presented to support my aim was, that how computers are used in education is detrimental to children’s development. Children need time for active, physical play; hands-on lessons of all kinds, especially in the arts; and direct experience of the natural world. The prevalent emphasis on technology is diverting us from the urgent social and liberal educational needs of children. A proper education requires attention to students from good teachers and active parents. It requires commitment to developmentally appropriate education and attention to the full range of children’s needs; physical, emotional, and social, as well as cognitive. Finally and most importantly I demonstrated that developmental stages in children are not compatible with computer use. Combining Steiner, Bloom and Krathwohl developmental concepts with the fact that computers are mathematical tools, forcing a purely abstract and mathematical type of thinking as well as use of symbolic formal language. Applying these concepts and properties of computers to proper educational goals we may surmise that they are unsuitable for extensive use by children in any form before approximately age 15, or high school. Convincing arguments have been presented to prove the extensive implementation of computers in pre-high school education is having a detrimental effect on the development of children. Bibliography: Bloom, B. and D. Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay, 1956. Bronfenbrenner, U. Developmental Ecology Through Time and Space: A Future Perspective in Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development, (Moen, Elder and Luscher [Ed.]). Washington: American Psychology Association, 1995. Bowers, C. A. The Cultural Dimensions of Educational Computing – Understanding the Non-neutrality of Technology. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988 Coon, D. Essentials of Psychology: Exploration and Application (8th edition). USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 1999 Craig, G. , M. Kermis and N. Digdon. Children Today (2nd edition). Toronto: Prentice Hall. 2001 Kline, M. Why Johnny Can’t Add – the Failure of New Math. New York: St. Martin’s, 1973.

Pros & Cons of Legalizing Marijuana

Pros & Cons of Legalizing Marijuana From Deborah White, former About. com Guide See More About:marijuanaobama policiescivil liberties Photo: John Moore/Getty Images Ads The Arcadia Spine Center www. TheArcadiaSpineCenter. com Specializing in holistic treatment for neck pain, and low back pain Alcohol Abuse Solutions www. AskListenLearn. com Take The Pledge & Say No To Alcohol We'll Help You Achieve Your Goals. Is He Cheating On You? Spokeo. com/Cheating-Spouse-Search 1) Enter His E-Mail Address 2) See Hidden Pics & Social Profiles Now!More US Liberal Politics Ads Marijuana Juvenile Crime Statistics Cons Politics Weed Ads Find a Lawyer – Free www. LegalMatch. com Free, Confidential Lawyer Locator. Save Time – Describe Your Case Now! Free teeth whitening www. arcadiamaindental. com Cosmetic & Family Dentist Arcadia Please call or email for details (Continued from Page 1) Pros (See page one of this article for current developments and milestones in U. S. marijuana history. ) Primary reasons in support of legalizing marijuana are: Social ReasonsProhibition of marijuana is unwarranted government intrusion into individual freedom of choice. Marijuana is no more harmful to a person's health than alcohol or tobacco, which are both legal and widely used, and regulated by the U. S. Food & Drug Administration. Marijuana has proven medical benefits for cancer, AIDS, glaucoma and other patients. Crime and violence, both within the U. S. and at the U. S. -Mexico border, are greatly increased due to illegal selling and buying of marijuana. Legalization would logically end the need for such criminal behavior.Law Enforcement Reasons â€Å"National statistics show 872,000 arrests last year related to marijuana, 775,000 of them for possession, not sale or manufacturing – sparking some critics to suggest that the resources of the criminal justice system, including the crowded state prisons and courts, might be better used elsewhere,† per the San Francis co Chronicle in 2009. Drug busts of youth for marijuana offenses often carry harsh penalties that can cause undue social harm with lifelong consequences. Fiscal Reasons Marijuana is one of America's top-selling agricultural products.One California politician estimates that marijuana sales in his state top $14 billion annually. New tax revenues from legalized marijuana sales could exceed $1 billion just for California. This rich new source of tax revenues nationwide would help lift the U. S. economy out of its worst recession in decades. â€Å"†¦ mainstream pundits like Fox News' Glenn Beck and CNN's Jack Cafferty have publicly questioned the billions spent each year fighting the endless war against drugs,† per the San Francisco Chronicle in 2009.If marijuana was legalized and regulated, an estimated $8 billion would be saved annually in government spending on enforcement, including for the FBI and U. S. -Mexico border security. Cons Primary reasons against legalizing mar ijuana are: Social Reasons Some Americans believe that marijuana ingestion is immoral, and that their moral standards should be required of all Americans. Long-term or abusive use of marijuana can be harmful to a person's health and well-being. Second-hand smoke from marijuana can be harmful to others. Many allege that regular marijuana use can lead to use of harder, more harmful drugs such as heroin and cocaine.Law Enforcement Reasons Some opponents of legalizing marijuana believe that individuals involved in illegal buying and selling of the drug are more likely than average to be involved in other crimes, and that society is safer with marijuana offenders incarcerated. Law enforcement agencies don't want to be construed as supporting drug use. There are no signficant fiscal reasons against U. S. legalization of marijuana. Where It Stands On June 23, 2011, a federal bill to fully legalize marijuana was introduced in the House by Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX) and Rep.Barney Frank (D-MA. ) T he bill would remove marijuana from controlled substance classification. Commented Congressman Frank to the Christian Science Monitor, â€Å"Criminally prosecuting adults for making the choice to smoke marijuana is a waste of law enforcement resources and an intrusion on personal freedom. I do not advocate urging people to smoke marijuana, neither do I urge them to drink alcoholic beverages or smoke tobacco, but in none of these cases do I think prohibition enforced by criminal sanctions is good public policy. â€Å"In November 2010, Californians will vote via state referendum whether or not â€Å"Californians over age 21 would be able to possess up to one ounce of marijuana, and grow their own plants on a plot up to 5 feet by 5 feet large. † Additionally, Washington, New Hampshire and Massachusetts state legislatures are slated to vote on marijuana legalization bills in 2010. And more than 20 other states are considering bills to otherwise loosen criminalization of marijua na use and possession. Will President Obama Move to Legalize Medical Marijuana?Esquire magazine reported in December 2008, after Obama's election but before his inauguration, â€Å"Turns out, with several drug-war veterans close to the president-elect's ear, insiders think reform could come in Obama's second term — or sooner. † Certainly, Obama may move to decriminalize marijuana for medical reasons. The San Francisco Chronicle reported in February 2009: â€Å"During one campaign appearance, Obama recalled that his mother had died of cancer and said he saw no difference between doctor-prescribed morphine and marijuana as pain relievers.He told an interviewer in March that it was ‘entirely appropriate' for a state to legalize the medical use of marijuana ‘with the same controls as other drugs prescribed by doctors. ‘† States Could Be Given Jurisdiction Over Marijuana If President Obama does move to support decriminalization of marijuana, look fo r him to do so by granting states the jurisdiction to decide this issue, just as states decide marriage laws for their

Apple Ipod Advertisement Evaluation

How many people worldwide love to listen to their own elegant style of music? Well with the new Apple Ipod you have the power to listen to your flavour of tunes that gets your blood flowing or just brings back your fondest memories. Absolutely no one could turn down an opportunity to liven up a bad day with a fantastic song. The Apple Ipod is â€Å"probably the best† technology the music industry could grant you. One of the best ways to show people how the product will help you is by advertising on the television because it shows people exactly what the product will do for you and how it will make you a better person. As I found the commercial on the Internet I do not know when the commercial was first aired. But as the target audiences is mainly twelve year olds and all those above (12+) this keeps is short, the duration of the advert is thirty seconds with twenty clips. With a slide only being a couple of seconds long there is a large quantity to take in on the visual imagery of this advertisement. Basically the main sequences are Silhouettes dancing along to the song Flathead by Fratellis. Apple has picked the song Flathead because it makes you click your fingers, so it is powerful and makes you attracted to the screen because of the catchy song. The Song plays throughout the whole commercial without any voice-overs. The song produces energy a qualities important to the sequence through their teenaged years. When the commercial starts the image is a pink male Silhouetted body holding an Ipod stood in the centre of the screen; behind him is a blue background with thin pink and green lines passing behind his body, he is shaking his body to the beat of the music and clapping, his Ipod against his waist. You can distinguish the Ipod because it is the only white object on the screen; the bright colours make the audiences automatically drawn to the television screen. It would appeal to both genders because it shows the male is not troubled of any feminine signals he may be receiving by the audience due to the colours; he is obviously comfortable to express his sexuality with the way the colours are expressed. Then for a split second the screen changes to pink and purple with a full body shot of a silhouetted man waving his left arm in the air; again to the beat at the end of the clip a creamer pink lightning bolt strikes across the man's body, This is powerful because the jolt of lightning gives the viewers a slight flinch, and keeps the attention fixed to the screen. Even though you don't know what the people look like you would still communicate with people in the advert because the viewer is made to feel like they should the like the silhouette. The fact you don't know exactly what they look like is powerful because it could indicate that it could be any one, even the customers; the outline of the character is also powerful because it is surreal and not fixed to one human image. The next clip is of a man wearing a trilby style of hat he is a blue and pink background colour, again the Ipod is in his hand whilst he dances. He shows you the Ipod on this angle because he is showing you how thin it is, he is showing the audience this because this will make the product more appealing because the customers do not want to carry a â€Å"brick† in their pocket all the time and makes the other music player products unpopular. The contrast in colours between the background and the silhouette is also very important because then the audience can easily distinguish between the foreground activity and contrasting background. This is can influential towards the viewers because it makes them what to buy the product due to the fashion that the viewer has seen on the silhouette on the commercial. Another pink silhouette of a man, but the background is blue it still shows the contrast of colour and also shows a mixed personality at the same time. He is kicking his smart and snazzy shoes towards the camera; it makes male viewers feel like they need shoes like the silhouette so the has to go out and get some like the silhouette for the reason that it looks fashionable but at the same time also influences male to also get an Ipod. The next clip is of the first person in the commercial, you can tell since the Silhouette shape and background go back to the same colours as the first clip; so the some of the silhouettes have a individual colour. The way he is jumping in the air waving his arms round like a lunatic suggests that he is have a really good time and he is basically â€Å"freaking out†, another reason that the viewer should buy it because commercial is sending the message the viewer that the silhouettes are having a good time so why shouldn't the customers. An orange silhouette woman is in the next set of slides; it is a headshot specifically so that you can only see her earphones; they stand out specifically because it shows how perfectly slot in the silhouette's ears even when she is dancing. She has long hair and it waves when she jumps and moves to the sound of the music. The silhouette Dances is like so is non-conformity; so the message is sent to the viewers is that Ipods will set you free from all rules. In the next clip their stands a turquoise woman that shows the Ipod in the front of the shot; it is the main focus on the screen so that the viewers eyes cannot be averted from it, it also shows you the Ipod like this because it shows exactly what the Ipod looks like. Going from person to person suggesting that a lot of people like dancing to this song because it is popular or even any song on an Ipod because it is also easily carried and has a large memory so you can listen to a wide variety of the viewers idolised songs. A few clips ahead there is a clip of a man's feet that is one of the first of the clips where you don't see the Ipod at all. It shows how feet are moving to the rhythm of the music. The next clip the are two pink figures on a aqua back ground standing one on the left the other on the right; they jump in the air and a purple figure drops down from the top right to the centre of the screen. They all land at the same time and dance individually, this is a moment of intense movement as the viewer looks at the screen and it fills their body with energy; some of the cloths that they wear are quite smart so it makes you want to associate more with them. Following six more clips there are two pink Silhouettes of a man and a woman; they both dance together so it suggesting that buying an Ipod makes couples might want to dance together; it makes the audience feel as if they could get closer to their partners by buying two Ipods and suggests relationships will be better. When the text says â€Å"iPod + Itunes† it is basically saying if a person gets this Apple Ipod and any of the Itunes available you could possibly be like any the people you have seen in the advertisement. The penultimate clip is again of the couple that where dancing together; you can tell because they are the same shape, the woman walks pushing her male partner off the set so you know the advertisement is going to be over, it suggests who wears the trousers of the relationship which appears to be most female viewers around the world. Conclusively finished with a picture of the Apple logo then it no longer needs any text because it is then obvious to the viewers that this is an Apple product. The analysis of the commercial should have been undertaken to make shore that the colourful stroking images would not be dangerous towards to anybody suffering from epilepsy. A mistake that was also recently make by the advertising agency promoting the soon coming 2012Olympics. Music devices are very common, but what makes this Ipod special is they look good and they are fashionable. I would rate the advertisements effectiveness 8/10 because you could make all the clips more memorable rather than short ones, but it has a very catchy song. So it will stick in your mind along with the Apple brands, mainly the Ipod.

Daoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Daoism - Essay Example This may be because, since all other religious beliefs are exotic, Taoism is the only religion that the China inhabitants believe to be indigenous. Therefore, this document critically analyzes Daoism, its theoretical, practical, and social approach one of the world religions. Daoism (also called Taoism) is a religious belief whose origin comes from the Chinese traditions. Joachim Wach explained that there are three ways in which a belief qualifies to be named a religion (Kirkland 165). A religion must have its theoretical aspect. This means that it ought to have various verbal beliefs, to which the followers strongly adhere. Daoism accentuates veneration of the ancestral spirits and immortality of some beings in their religion. Taoism believes on the freedom of humanity from conformist limitations. Moreover, Taoism obtains its teaching from Lao-tze, an ancient philosopher who the followers deem to have established the first Taoism temple. However, the Taoism followers commonly consid er the history about Lao-tze as legendary; and they still keep up with his teachings from the earlier writings. Scholars believe Taoism to be mythological. In this sense, some critics claim their belief about immortality to be mythical. In addition, it highlights the story of a certain prince, who practiced Taoism in a deserted mountain until he became a supernatural and consequently an immortal being (Kirkland 166). The Taoists believe that a certain man, believed to be the true man, will come to the world in the end, and end chaos, bringing peace to the world. Additionally, the Taoists believe that Tao (the way) is the main guiding rule of their values and mannerisms (Ede 21). Moreover, Taoists believe in a hierarchy of gods and eternals. There is also the practical aspect of Daoism. Taoist believers practice various rituals. Taoists believe in achieving immortality through practicing the Tao values, both within and outside the bodily being. The Taos internal practices entail phys ical Tao exercises, which include breathing, intense meditation, and refinement of the inner elixir. Besides, the central objective of these activities is to improve oneself, spiritually and bodily. Tao also teaches external practices that involve being responsible in exemplary actions such as helping one another. Tao believers must strive to achieve these values by earnestly practicing both the internal and external activities, since they believe that the reward is to acquire the immortal nature. Additionally, the Tao followers practice martial arts, most commonly known as Kung fu (Ede 22). Besides, the Tao followers also have their own scriptures that they read and follow. This manuscript comes in diverse components. They refer these components as the Canon or the Daozang. They are arranged in the order of age, the earliest being the Tang Dynasty. The succeeding ones include versions compiled during the dynasties of Song, Jin, Yuan, and Ming. There are two distinct Tao sects. The two sects are the Zhengyi and the Quanzhen, with the Zhengyi being the most popular within the Chinese communities. However, these sects are similar in their fundamental Tao beliefs. They only have slight disparities in their norms and regulations. The Quanzhens are stricter in their regulations as opposed to their Zhengyi counterparts, since they practice a strict vegetarian diet and are celibate, spending their entire lives in the

Writing assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Writing assignment - Research Paper Example If correctly implemented, such decisions would move the organizations to higher levels of performance. However, the organizations continue to lag behind their expected performance mainly because of the failure to implement decisions. Pfeffer and Sutton (2000) explain the main reasons that have maintained a wide gap between knowledge and action. One of the reasons is the tendency by managers to pursue detailed behaviors, practices and techniques that work instead of finding out why such practices are suitable for their organizations in terms of philosophy and the general direction that action should take. Other managers overlook the importance of learning from practice. Putting the best practices into action would require the room to make mistakes during learning. This can be done well if the practices are implemented and important lessons taken from the implementation process. It is also important for managers and policy implementers to recognize that elaborate concepts and plans may not count as much if they are not put into action. Action can be made more efficient if it is grounded on real experience. Moreover, staffs that implement the plans should be inspired to action without fear. This is because fear is known to widen the knowledge-action gap. If the persons operate under fear, they will not be in a position to try something new; neither will they have the freedom to make mistakes which is an important component in the learning process. Managers should, therefore, maintain an environment that encourages stuffs to try something new while at the same time their well-being and dignity is upheld. In determining the level of progress in the implementation process, whatever should be measured is what really matters in the implementation process. The tendency to measure virtually everything is known to widen the gap between knowledge and action. The measurement should be in such a way that it does not only provide what has already been done, but also

Websites Response Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Websites Response - Research Paper Example Energy efficient equipment can thus significantly lower the operating costs, and these benefits can be transferred to customers. With operations such as heating, cooling, lighting, and sanitation consuming a lot of power in the food service sector, energy efficient equipment can help achieve the sustainability goal. Sustainable restaurants are those that acquire food in a sustainable manner and use efficient methods to prepare and serve the foods. The methods used should consume the least amount of resources possible. Some of the resources to be saved include water and energy. Such restaurants should work with local communities to promote environmental sustainability. Examples of such include 676 Restaurant and Bar in Chicago, Abeno Okonomi-yaki Restaurant in London and The Akem in Hertfordshire (Thesra.org, 2014). Food service equipment can help promote sustainability by consuming less of key resources- water, heat and electricity. Such equipment can help minimize the volume of resources used in the food service sector, thereby helping to promote the global sustainability agenda. This is particularly important considering that the food service sector is one of the most resource intensive industries worldwide. Therefore, Equipment used in food preparation, cooling, heating, sanitation and ventilation need to be

Portfolio Project Part 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Project Part 6 - Assignment Example In order to measure the performance of an accountant, it is significant to use the critical incident and BARS methods. A combination of these methods would sufficiently measure the performance of an accountant in the company. A performance management should be able to give employees unbiased, constructive feedback on their performance. In order to ensure success of performance management of an accountant, reviews and measurement of the worker are normally done annually. Measure of improved performance The following combined methods will be used to measure the performance of an accountant i. Critical Incidents ii. Work Standards iii. Straight or Simple Ranking iv. Paired Comparisons v. Rater distribution Using the straight or simple ranking, the accountant will ranked according to overall performance. He or she will be compared with other employees. In addition, all comparison will be based on single criterion, such as overall performance. This is effective because it Compares perform ance of each employee with every other employee in the group. Using the forced distribution method, I will be able to understand how the accountant has performed. This is because the rater assigns individual in work group to a limited number of categories similar to a normal distribution. Further, it assumes all groups of employees have the same distribution (Mondy & Mondy 2010). In rating work quantity of the accountant, i will give careful consideration things such as effect of employee on the general flow of work, amount of work produced in terms of the specific job especially annually, employee’s application to the job, and skill in handling specific assignments of the company. I will award the score as follows: poor, 1 to 6 points; average, 7 to 18 points; good, 19 to 25 points. In turn, I will be able to understand if the accountant has improved performance or not (Smith & Mazin, 2004). BARS and performance evaluation The Critical Incident Method is a form of performanc e appraisal method that requires an individual to keep records and all relevant information of both good and bad employee work behaviors. In case a critical incident influences the company’s ability to operate either negatively or positively, the manager records the information. The BARS method is very effective in portfolio management of workers since it is easy to monitor the actions or behaviors of the worker while at work (Mondy & Mondy, 2010). For instance, when an employee misuse the company resources for personal use, it is easy to report the case to the manager. When it comes to accounting, this method is applicable in the sense that when an accountant makes valuations and evaluation of the company’s expenses and profits for a week, month, or a year, it is easy to monitor the trend of their actions. If the accountant kept the records in a timely way, the management can easily detect problems in their financial system and come up with ways to improve its financi al control systems. The BARS especially the critical incident method can also be applied as a means of job analysis in the sense that it helps analysts to determine actions that are focused on work and other work activities. It helps in making an entire analysis of work and permit transparent performance leading actions to be targeted (Smith & Mazin, 2004). In evaluating performance of a worker, it is vital to have job description and specification. This is because Job descriptions offer precise and a concise

Convertible Debentures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Convertible Debentures - Essay Example Some small companies are not able to meet the financial parameters for raising equity; thus, convertible debentures are issued instead of selling shares of stocks (Market Outbox par.3). Another motive of corporations for issuing convertible debentures is that they are able to raise equity without giving up control of ownership until such time that the debentures are converted into shares of stock. Furthermore, with debentures, the assets of the company will not be tied up unlike other forms of debt which require assets as collateral for the loan (Business Finance ,par.2). It is believed that issuing convertible debentures is a good alternative for companies who want to raise capital in short term intervals. It is win-win solution for both the issuer and the investor. It is attractive to investors because of the guaranteed interest payments and an option to convert to equity if the price of the stocks goes up. The company on the other hand is able to enjoy lower interest payments and can offer their shares at a premium based on the present value in the

Unemployment and Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unemployment and Inflation - Essay Example Other countries experience a large number of immigrants that other countries are hence causing this difference. Some countries have rigid protective labor legislation. This has made the employment rate to grow slowly in other industrial countries than other countries. Other countries have small or lack the land to do farming while other states do this business hence increasing the employment rate. The presence of different rules and regulation and different resource in this industrial countries contributes to the difference in the employment rates. 3.Inflation and interest rate Inflation causes the increase in the price of buying goods. Inflation is good for investment since it increases the price of the current investment hence making profits from it. Inflation is good for one who has invested and is selling it, but it is expensive for the buyer. The possibility of inflation rate typically increases the interest rate for borrowers the loans. The creditors are the ones who will get t he benefits of it since they will increase the interest rate hence getting more money that they can invest in the future. On the other hand, the borrowers will accept to take the loan with the high-interest rate simply because of the future inflation. The borrowers will be willing to pay a higher interest for them to invest and gain more when the inflation comes. At the end of it, the creditors will gain, the increased interest at that time will the borrowers will get more money in the future since the value of the investment will be higher.

Discussion Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion Topic - Essay Example Homobatrachotoxinin is a member of the family of steroidal alkaloids called Batrachotoxinins (Fig 1). These compounds have a molecular formula of C31H42N2O6, with a molar mass of 538.67g/mol and a density of 1.304g/ml. It is highly toxic and the median lethal dose (LD50) is 0.002 to 0.007 mg/kg depending upon species to species (Daly, 1965). The mechanism of its toxicity is related to its action is on the voltage gated sodium channels present in the cell membrane. Since it is a steroidal alkaloid it can easily access the cell membrane of the predators, and binds to the voltage gated sodium channels and keeps them in a state of depolarization. These compounds bind irreversibly to the sodium channels creating a conformational change in them, that keeps the channels always in a open state. Further they also reduces conductance of these channels leading them to be in a state of less excitability. This impacts the nervous system because the membrane cannot become stabilized to its resting level (generation of resting membrane potential is hampered) which leads to impairment of neuromuscular transmission in the predator leading them into a state of paralysis. Apart from neurotoxicity they are also cardiotoxic as these compounds reduces cardiac conduction, cause arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. These compounds are tem perature dependant and are effective at an optimum temperature of 37 degree centigrade and also work best in the alkaline pH range to exert its neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects (Wang, 2007). Conclusion: My hypothesis was supported by the research that Batrachotoxinins are effective avian chemicals tat are potent against predators however when the environmental temperature or core body temperature of predators increases beyond 37 degree centigrade, this molecule might not impact them and may not act as a chemical defense mechanism of the genus

Miltary soldiers and substance abuse Research Paper

Miltary soldiers and substance abuse - Research Paper Example Substance and drug abuse in the military is a public and national threat to the security of a country because such behaviors distract the preparedness of the force. Furthermore, the habit may result to military personnel undermining the authority and strict orders that function to enhance the efficiency of the military, as well as risking their lives. The issue of drugs in the military is not something new: it began during the Vietnam between the late 1960s and early 1970s. Records indicate that more 20% of the veterans of the Vietnam War reported using narcotic drugs on a weekly basis, with another 20% showing signs of addictions. After the Vietnam War, a few military personnel continued with the regular use of the narcotics, especially heroin and opium. There was some considerable reduction in the percentage of usage, but concerns were high regarding addiction. With the prevalence of the drugs problem within the force, Cushman ordered a crackdown on military personnel abusing drugs in the mid-1970s (Ruiz and Strain, 2011). Consequently, all military troops were confined to their respective bases, with increase in guard patrols and a thorough search on all personnel entering the bases. In addition to these measures, there were numerous establishments of emergency medical clinics across the forces. The military command also engaged in sensitizing the personnel on the physical and legal consequences of substance abuse through all available media. The authorities published and distributed pamphlets to platoon leaders. Creation of drug abuse councils followed, with the initial duty to travel from unit to unit addressing the issue. These education programs seemed to fail in rooting out the issue, the command turned to punishment. However, the judicial system established could not court marshal all the soldiers, thus they turned to administrative discharges to get rid of

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay The essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain behaviour in terms of its dynamics – i. e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of mental disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which are unconscious. Medical illnesses are not the outcome of physical disorders but of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego create anxiety. The ego protects itself with various defence mechanisms (ego defences). These defences can be the cause of disturbed behaviour if they are overused. In childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas and therefore they are repressed. For example, a child may experience the death of a parent early in life and repress associated feelings. Later in life, other losses may cause the individual to re-experience the earlier loss and can lead to depression. Previously the unexpressed anger about the loss is directed inwards towards the self, causing depression. Ego defences, such as repression and regression, exert pressure through unconsciously motivated behaviour. Freud proposed that the unconscious consists of memories and other information that are either very hard or almost impossible to bring into conscious awareness. Despite this, the unconscious mind exerts a powerful effect on behaviour. This frequently leads to distress, as the person does not understand why they are acting in that particular way. The underlying problem cannot be controlled until brought into conscious awareness. However Abstract concepts such as the id, ego and superego are difficult to define and research. Because actions motivated by them operate on an unconscious level, there is no way to know for certain that they are occurring. Also a common criticism of Freud’s work is that it was sexist. The Biological approach is ‘the view that behaviour can all be explained in terms of biological mechanisms, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, brain activity and influences inherited via genes. ’ A biological psychologist explains abnormal behaviour in terms of an abnormal biology, and therefore explains mental disorder as the consequence of malfunctioning of these biological systems. It follows the belief that ‘treatment’ should repair these faulty systems, using somatic therapies such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery. The biological (medical) model assumes that all mental disorders are related to some change in the body. Mental disorders are like physical disorders i. e. they are illnesses. Such changes or illnesses may be caused by one of four possible factors; * Genetic Inheritance * Biochemistry * Neuroanatomy * Viral infection Abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry are sometimes the result of genetic inheritance, and so are passed from parent to child. One way of investigation this possibility is by studying twins. Pairs of identical twins can be compared to see whether, when one twin has a disorder, the other has it as well. This provides us with a concordance rate. A concordance Rate: the extent to which two individuals are similar to each other in terms of a particular trait. There are low concordance rates for some mental disorders, such as phobias, but relatively high concordance rates for others e. g. schizophrenia. Genes tell the body how to function. They determine, for example, the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain (biochemistry). Genes also determine the structure of the brain (Neuroanatomy). Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating of brain tissue around these spaces. Research suggests that some disorders may be related to exposure to certain viruses in utero (i. e. in the womb). For example, Torrey (2001) found that the mothers of many people with schizophrenia had contracted a particular strain of influenza during pregnancy. The virus may enter the unborn child’s brain, where it remains dormant until puberty, when other hormones may activate it, producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. The emergence of the medical model in the 18th century led to more humane treatment for mental patients. Until then mental illness was blamed on demons or on evil in the individual. The medical model offered a different source of blame – the illness, which was potentially treatable. However, more recent critics have claimed that the medical model is inhumane. Thomas Szasz (1972) argued that mental illnesses did not have a physical basis, therefore should not be thought of in the same way. He suggested that the concept of mental illness was ‘invented’ as a form of social control. The available evidence does not support a simple cause and effect link between mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and altered brain chemistry. For example, schizophrenia is commonly associated with an excess of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine. However, some studies of schizophrenic patients have shown reduced levels of dopamine in some brain tissues, meaning that there may be simultaneous excesses and deficiencies in different parts of the brain. There is no evidence that mental disorders are purely caused by genetic inheritance – concordance rates are never 100%. Gottersman and Shields (1976) reviewed the results of five studies of twins looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. They found that in monozygotic twins (identical) there was a concordance rate of around 50%. If schizophrenia was entirely the product of genetic inheritance then this figure should be 100%. It is likely that, in the case of certain disorders, what individuals inherit is susceptibility for the disorder, but the disorder itself only develops if the individual is exposed to stressful life conditions (i. e. stress). This is called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis-Stress Model: a belief that, in case of certain disorders, individuals inherit a susceptibility for the disorder (diathesis) which develops only if he individual is exposed to difficult environmental conditions (stress). The greater the under-lying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger the disorder.

Woolworths Overview Of The Company Marketing Essay

Woolworths Overview Of The Company Marketing Essay Its core business focus is the provision of retail and financial services to upper and middle income groups mainly in South Africa but also in Africa, Australia and New Zealand.  This includes men, women and kids. Who are the competitors in the market? Other retailers selling food (butchers, bakers, convenience stores, etc. excludes takeaway food and restaurants) Mass merchants (including discount department stores; department stores) Size of the company Woolworths Holdings Limited is an investment holding company and one of the top 100 companies listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange Shares in Woolworths: 52% of market Employees:  24,649 Stores:  637 Turnover:  R 25.582bn p/a Market share: 9%-10%   Vision: Woolworths vision is to provide quality products and services to its customers all the time through price strategies, fresh food strategies and human resource strategies. Woolworths main strategies are to increase efficiency and be cost effective. Mission: Woolworths mission statement and main strategy is to deliver to customers the right shopping experience each and every time. Goals Sustainable growth within the context of the changing social and environmental needs Woolworths goal is to work harder to drive social development poverty drives environmental destruction and that in turn creates more poverty. To help alleviate poverty, we need to expand the existing initiatives of the Woolworths Trust and link with the transformational goals to drive enterprise development. The third priority relates to Woolworths impact on the environment, in particular the issue of diminishing biodiversity.   The fourth priority addresses climate change directly by focusing on reducing Woolworths carbon footprint. Woolworths recognizes climate change as an issue requiring urgent action if the risk of serious damage to global prosperity and security is to be avoided. Strategy: The strategic intent considers four areas of focus: the customers, operations, and the people. Woolworths main strategy is to increase efficiency and be cost effective.   Under this strategy there are different strategies that the company uses such as price strategies, fresh food strategies and human resource strategies/growth strategy. QUESTION 2 What would you change? What parts of the strategy? Low price Strategy: (high quality vs. low price) I would change the current pricing structure as it gives negative perception about the quality of their products. For consumers to believe that they offer high quality, price must be slightly more than usual as it creates a value-add considering the input costs. Product Strategy: (healthy organic foods) I would increase the percentage of organic food in the stores to increase/promote healthy eating. Growth strategy: (entering new markets) The stores are currently situated in high economic areas. I would therefore introduce Woolworths into low to medium income earners in different locations. Why would you change it? (What internal/external forces?) Low price Strategy: (high quality vs. low price) Because the input (fixed variable) costs have to be considered in order for the value added to be fairly presented so that the company can also see a good profit depending on the area of location. E.g. a Woolworths store in Cape Town will differ in prices to a Woolworths store in Mitchells Plain. Product Strategy: (healthy organic foods) When a big amount of customers consume a lot more of organic products, the will relate to Woolworths as the healthy alternative. Growth strategy: (entering new markets) This will give everyone the same shopping experience and affording them a chance not to travel too far for shopping. Safety strategy: When this is implemented in families, it can have a multiplying effect and reach a lot of people within a short period. Financial Services: (credit cards personal loans) Both cards allow customers to earn W points. Therefore, it is not necessary to have cards instead of one. One stop shop: (sells a variety of things) I would focus only on one or two offerings as too many products create confusion regarding the real product offering. QUESTION 3 How would you change it? Low price Strategy: (high quality vs. low price) I would push the price a bit higher because the high quality does not match the price. I would include all costs, improve packaging and set a higher mark-up. Product Strategy: (healthy organic foods) I would get more suppliers of organic food on board and attract more healthy-conscious customers as well create more awareness on healthy eating and how it impact on effective leadership. Growth strategy: (entering new markets) I would introduce more Woolworths stores in medium income areas first. Then, I would roll it out to low income areas (townships) such as Khayelitsha. Advantages My strategy achievement in terms of company goals Low price strategy: one of Woolworths main strategies is to increase efficiency and be cost effective. The advantages of our strategy, the high price high quality strategy, would allow the quality of Woolworths goods to be high all the time. There will be less costs going into the research and implementation of many of the many strategies for Woolworths, to allow for the high quality low price strategy. It will also be less time consuming for Woolworths and Woolworths is known in the past for having high prices. People still have the perception of Woolworths having high prices. Product Strategy: Because they have allowed for these high prices they are also able to increase the percentage of organic foods. This is obviously good for healthy eating habits and maybe in the long term decreasing the unhealthy eating disease rate in South Africa. Woolworths can also create healthy eating plans for individuals to increase buyers for the company. Growth strategy: (entering new markets) the advantage of this would be to increase the Woolworths clientele. This would allow for many other buyers to experience the Woolworths experience. Safety strategy: The advantages of this would be promoting the good ethics of the Woolworths Company. Financial Services: the advantage of merging the visa and the difference cards would allow for efficiency when coming to the till at a Woolworths store. You will be able to have the choice on which transaction you would like to use. This will allow for more customers to get involved with both choices. Having one Woolworths card with both options is better than having two cards. One stop shop: The advantages of having all these products is that it caters for all needs. This also allows the company to use a variety of promotion techniques to get through to their customers. Disadvantages Low price strategy: At the moment times are tough and people are still suffering from the last recession. To increase the prices could make the company have a bad name. The main reason they decrease the price is to give everyone the chance to have the Woolworths experience and be in the same level as their competitors offering goods at better quality. So increasing the price could steer the customers away although a slight increase wont really affect the customer too much because of the quality of their products. Product strategy: Costs of these organic goods are expensive and the company is already trying very hard to keep high quality goods at low prices. Growth Strategy: Woolworths prices are higher than the usual Shoprite. Many people in low earning areas tend to go to Shoprite but there quality of food is not as good as Woolworths. People in low income areas are not really interested in quality and they are more interested in price. I feel it is a disadvantage to put a Woolworths store in low income areas because they will not make enough money to keep the store going. Maybe they could increase the amount of stores in the medium earning areas but still this would be a far reached goal to bring it in the low earning areas. The price of the goods is just too high. Safety strategy: Because this is seen as part of work. Most workers wont want to waste their time extending this technique to their families. It will be seen as extra work to be done. Financial services: this will be time consuming for the company and there will be costs involved to implement this strategy. One stop shop: Woolworths has already made itself known for having all these products but some products are more known to their customers then others. Woolworths needs to have their other products, like homeware, better promoted. Having all these products is the store can be costly. People will rather choose to go to Mr. Price home than to buy homeware appliances at Woolworths. Woolworths needs to strengthen their market in there other products or they will be losing profits. Conclusion Woolworths strategy works very well. It works so well that I feel these small changes wont make much of a difference because they know what they have and they know where they are in the market. They were able to change their strategy over the years and even by doing so it has made them even more successful. This is the reason I feel there strategy is well implemented. QUESTION 4

The Title Of Atonement Film Studies Essay

The Title Of Atonement Film Studies Essay The credits begin to be displayed and are in a type writing font, this suggests that a story is going to be told. Throughout the credits there is the sound of a type writer, this again suggest that a story is going to be told. There is a contrast between black and white with the wording Atonement Shot 2 The title of Atonement cuts to a picture of an eccentric mansion. The mansion is a exact replica of Brionys actual house. This sets the scene as it shows where the events of the scene will take place. The mansion represents wealth and is an image of the Talliss new wealth. The natural lighting only highlights one side of the house this could be a representation of appearance versus reality. The family seems like the perfect family on the outside but in the depths of the house they arent as perfect as they seem to be. The highlighted part is what they family wants to portray but the darker side is the reality. The model of the mansion is a childs toy; this shows us that no matter what Briony is still a child. The model mansion belongs to Briony and this symbolises that she runs the house in a sense, as she controls the lives of the people who live or work in the house. The sound of the typewriter represents a story being written, this is a symbol of the story of Atonement. Shot 3 *The tracking of animals represents child play and again symbolises that Briony is still a child. The walking of the animals. The toys may be a connotation of a lost childhood. There is a non syncorised sound, still hearing the typewriter in the background. Shot 4 The camera tilts up, low angle shot, this introduces the character Briony. The composition of the frame shows the Tallis wealth. There is natural light coming through from the window,this is a symbol of innocence. Briony is seen doing what is natural for a child at that time, this again links to the natural light. Shot 5 There is an extream close up of Brionys face. There is natural light, the lighting is soft and can be seen as summer daylight. The one side of Brionys face is lit up well the other is a darker shadow, this signify that Briony still has some innocence but also that she has a dark side that wants secrets. The shot of Brionys eyes symbolises a world through her eyes. She has an intense look on her face showing that she is focusingon typing, the focus on her face enables us , the audience to concentrate on Brionys face. Shot 6 There is still a synchronised sound, we finally see the source of the sound to be a typewriter. The camera pans over Brionys fingers typing this could represent that she is the story teller in this story and that what she wants to happen will happen, as if everyone else is just a character in her story. The words Sunset written on the page may symbolise the ending of the chapter of childhood in Brionys life, it could also signify that things as everyone in the story knows is about to change. Its a closing of the friendship chapter for Cecila and Robbie but also the beginning of a romantic relationship; its the beginning of love as stated on the page. Shot 7 This shot introduces to us the name of the main character, Briony Tallis. The Trials of Arabella is a melodrama therefore has a hero. Story writing is such a big part of Brionys life so she tries to see real life in a story form by always trying to create heros and villians in real life. At first she sees Robbie as a hero for saving her and then a villain because Briony believes he is physically hurting Cecila. Again we can see that Briony is the play-maker of this story, she writes everyones future. Shot 8 In this shot we see Briony wearing a white dress, this could signify that at this time in the movie she is still innocent. The house is shown and we can again see the wealth and new rich of the Tallis family. The servants show that the Tallis family is of a high class. The door frame surronds briony indicating she is the main character. There is stil like sound of the typewriter but is also mixed with the sounds of a piano. The way in which Briony walks is with determination, almost as if she is about to do a very important task. The camera is panning over Briony. We once again see that Briony is a very intense girl, with a very creative mind. Shot 9 The camera follows Briony through the corridors of her house, once again it emphasises on the Familys wealth. Briony is the focus of the frame because she is highlighted by natural light. There is a contrast between the light and shadows; this could signify that the shadows are a representation of secrets and how Briony is in the midst of secrets in her life. The dark shadowed areas may also be a representation of the unknown things Briony bases decisions on. This shot is a long shot and is used to place Briony in her surroundings, it shows how she fits into the house and how she almost controls it with the way she walks, and its almost authoritative. In this shot the pillars seem to capture attention as they can be likened to Briony in the sense that she is such a rigid structure with such intense thoughts, like the pillar that is also a rigid structure. We could also view the pillar as being eccentric and dynamic in its carvings just as Briony is as a person. Briony is all by herse lf, this is another representation that her mind is like her peer pressure for her actions. There is a lot of wood used throughout the house this symoblises warmth and comfort the house provides for Briony but it also represents growth from the fact that it was a living thing, symbol of how the charaters will grow throughtout the movie. Shot 10 We see Briony being very determined in the previous shot but now we see her being so easily distracted by Robbies presence, shows that she wants and interaction between them. We later learn this to be a crush on Robbie. This shot introduces Robbie and shows us, the audience that Robbie and Briony are familiar with each other, by their interaction. Robbie is introduced by being highlighted by natural light .We are now introduced to the different class level in society in the time of the Second World War. This is shown through the fact that Briony is higher the Robbie in the shot and in life as Briony is of a higher class to Robbie, whose mom who actually workers in the house as a housekeeper. We also see Briony looking to the outside just as she will later when she witnesses Cecila stripping in front of the fountain in front of Robbie. This shows us that Briony always has an outside view from the inside of the house. This is a long shot and shows us that although there is familiarity between Briony and Robbie there is still quite a gap between them in their age as well as where they are in their lives at this point in time. There is also quite a dark grey space between them which could symbolise that there is a miscommunication between the feelings each person has for the other. Briony views Robbie as more then a friend or brother figure, while Robbie sees Briony as a sister figure, as he has feelings for Cecila. The fact that Robbie is highlighted by light and Briony is a dark figure could signify the fact that Robbie is the good guy while Briony is the bad guy because of her sin later on, against Robbie. Shot 11 This shot is in reverse view and we are now experiencing world from Brionys point of view and how she sees Robbie. Robbies facial expression is showing his fondness for Briony. As we are seeing this from Brionys point of view, it is misinterpreted and misunderstood for being something more by Briony. Through the conversation we can also see that Robbie is well educated. Brionys point of view shows us that Robbie is centred in the middle, stating he is the most important part right now and that everything else almost fades into the background, he is the centre of her attention. Shot 12 This is a medium close up shot and is very much focused on Briony. There is natural light highlighting one side of her face. This can be represented as her having to sides to her. One being innocent and childlike, while the other dark and full on secrets. The door frame behind Briony can also show many layers just like Briony has. It is like Briony is shedding her layer of her childhood and moving on to a new layer or chapter on life. The layers might also signify what a complex and dynamic person Briony is. Brionys facial expression is almost pleading like she is pleading with Robbie to take notice of her and for him to share the same feelings she has towards him. Shot 13 The camera is tracking Briony here; there is a build-up of music almost stimulating that something drastic is going to happen. We see that Briony is walking away from us in a way and this signifies that Briony is actually walking away from her childhood and maybe even life as she knows it. There is light highlighted on her back, this could show that she is turning her back on everything good and innocent in her life. Briony is walking towards s well lit room as if she is drawn to light. The room is elaborately decorated and this again is a sign of wealth.

Graduation Speech: We Are Giants :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Sept. 8, 2008: Colossal corridors and mammoth Seniors greeted our frightened Freshmen. Though we clung desperately to our remaining drops of confidence from the pinnacle of eighth grade, they evaporated under the sheer intensity of high school. We dared not poke our unprotected heads out to view this new realm, too terrified of who or what we might find. Some of us, it seemed, feared our strange surroundings would swallow us whole. Fortunately, curiosity overpowered even the most paralyzing insecurity, and slowly we prodded our boundaries, cautiously testing our skills and talents. We joined clubs and teams that matched our abilities, carving a circle of compassionate friends from the once-distant swarm. And backed by the support of these caring allies, we settled into the routine of adolescence. Until someone uttered those eight terrifying words: "What will you be when you grow up?" Of course, we had first been introduced to this ambiguous question while still in diapers, but always had brushed it aside with the thought, "I'll decide later." High school, we discovered, was later. So we embarked on the tedious process of inventing our dreams. We scoured the career center, hounded our counselors, pestered our parents and teachers. We pleaded with friends to answer in our stead. Certainly, we knew it was our decision, but we had to try to get out of it, right? Make someone else decide. But there is one instant in everyone's life when they explode from beneath that Xeroxed shroud of "General Public" and slip into the shimmering gown of "Individualism." Soon we understood that to find our passions we must step beyond the tight, comfortable confines or our abilities. We were forced to expose ourselves once more to the vulnerability of trial and error. But this time, as we delved into unfamiliar activities, we had the self-assurance to attempt the experiment. And so, amid the swirling waters of high school, backed by constant guidance from faculty, parents, and peers, we gradually formulated a future.

Mental Disorders Essay -- science

Mental Disorders The term mental disorder means psycological and behavioral syndromes that deviate signicantly from those typical of human beings enjoying good mental health. All that mumbo jumbo means that a person with a mental disorder was a few cards short of a full deck. This is probably not the persons fault that they are like this they were just born this way. These people are not all a like. They are not even in exact classes because all of the classes have not been seperated yet. In most cases a normal person that has no disorders is afraid of these type of people. This is because they do not want to turn out the way these people are. A common example of a mental disorder is down syndrome. There was a television program in the early 90's that featured a boy that had to live with this terrifying disorder. This show was very inspirational for all people with disorders. The boy's name was Corky who fought all aspects of the disorder. Them being from physical triumphs to just everyday kids harrassing him at school. The show was taken off the air in 1993 because of sponsers. Records of types of disorders are unknown along with many of other records of treatments to people inflicted with a disorder. This is mainly because in the early 1900's people thought that people with disorders were just stupid and they did not investigate further into the matter. The quanity of people that have a disorder is unknown. There is an estimated guess that 15% of the U.S. population has some sort of disorder but that is not factual. This is because the survey people only can estimate from the people who check theirselves into a institution, the ones who do so make up 3% of the 15% estimation. The U.S. in 1990 spent an estimated 148 billion on treating mental diorders. Childhood Disorders Several Mental disorders are evident first in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Mental retardation is characterized by the inability to learn normally and to become as an independent and socially responsible as others of the same age in the same culture. A retarded person go through a lot of emotional problems because of the society making fun of these people. A retarded person has an IQ of less than 70. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder includes conditions marked by inappropiate lack of attention, by impulsiveness, and by hyperactivity, in which the child ... ...son go through a lot of emotional problems because of the society making fun of these people. A retarded person has an IQ of less than 70. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder includes conditions marked by inappropiate lack of attention, by impulsiveness, and by hyperactivity, in which the child has difficulty organizing and completing work, is unable to stick to activities or follow directions, and is excessively restless. Anxiety disorder include fear of leaving home and parents, excessive shrinking from contact with strangers, and excessive, unfocused worrying and fearful behavior. Persuasive developement disorders are characterized by distortions in several psychological functions, such as attention, perception, reality testing, and motor movement. An example is infantile autism, a condition marked by unresponsiveness to other people, bizarre responses, and gross inability to communicate to the others in the world. Paranoid Disorder The central feature of the paranoid disorders in a persons dilusion, for instance that he or she is being persecuted or conspored against. In other form, the dilusion consists of unreasonsably jealousy. the person maybe r

Ralph and Jack in “The Lord of the Flies” Essay

Question 1 There are a number of differences and a few similarities between Jack and Ralph. First of all the main similarity is the fact that both boys are roughly the same age. Then furthermore, there is the fact that both pf them are boys. In addition their share the quality of leadership, or in other words both of them have the abilities to be a leader. Then on the other hand there are the numerous differences they in clued; different style of leadership, different believes, maturity, and the symbol that they represent. Jack and Ralph have a very different style of leading. Ralph has a democratic leadership and Jack is more of a dictator figure. Then furthermore, there is the difference of believes, Jack believes that the main objective on the island is to hunt and Ralph believes that it is to be saved. Then there is the maturity, Ralph is more mature that Jack. And the last difference in the symbols that these characters represent, Jack represents the bad side of human nature and Ralph represents the good side or democracy. Question 2 Piggy represents intelligence and thinking. This idea is proven through out the whole book, until his death. Fist of all there is the fact that because of Piggy the boys were able to create the fire. The secondary, idea is the fact that Piggy acts very mature through out the book. He is even more mature than Ralph. Piggy comes up with ideas that not a single other boy had though of. For example there is the fact that Piggy though of the sundial. Furthermore there is the idea that Piggy constantly reminds Ralph of their objective to the island, and which is to be saved.

Walker: White People and Well-educated Black Man

A well-educated black man, with dreams of making it in the world, is What Jerald Walker was determined to do. Walker had grown up in a community where opinions about â€Å"whites† were shared by everyone. Whites discriminated against black people and anything that was believed as bad by black people, was blamed on the white people. In order to succeed, Walker would have to â€Å"Be† like his brother Clyde. Clyde did not fit the â€Å"stereotype†, of a regular black man. His brother said things like, â€Å"whites aren’t an obstacle to success† and â€Å"only you can’t stop you†.In Scattered Inconveniences, Jerald Walker is up against what seems to be a â€Å"redneck cowboy† that is trying to intimidate and scare because his family wasn’t from that part of the country. it turns out that the guy honking his horn and riding his bumper, is just a good Samaritan trying to prevent a washer from falling out of the back of Walkers truck. I think that Walker is talking from his own experience, when he states that everyone is a racist just by nature, he is saying that we all learn stereotyping from the people around us.I don’t think that his statement is necessarily being a racist, I feel that everyone is discriminated against for something whether it be the color of our skin, the clothes that we wear, or the place that we live. I see myself being like Walker, just assuming this guy is out to hurt me and my family just because I’m a different race. Not fitting the stereotype, I would probably react the same, just get mad and then feel really bad for just automatically thinking the worse first.

How would you describe Akio Toyoda’s leadership style?

Leadership is the process of directing the behaviour of others toward the accomplishment of some objective. Leadership style is the behaviour a leader exhibits while guiding organization members in appropriate directions. Today leaders are often eliminate unnecessary levels of organization and introduce work teams in order to enhance organizational decision making and work flow. In this case study, Akio Toyoda’s prove himself as today’s leader by making few necessary changes in organization to boost his way to make Toyota as number one auto maker in the world. Entrepreneurial leadership Akio Toyoda can be categorized in entrepreneurial leadership because of his critical role in Toyota. Toyota must have global outlook, interact with environmental changes to make its way to the top. Akio Toyoda as a senior managing director and was appointed as head of china business, when it was joint venture with troubled firm. He is impatient to see faster growth of business in China, work hard for a year to complete the merging of Toyota with a larger, more aggressive local firm by convincing top management and government officials to approve the deal. Once he succeeded, Toyoda’s next step was to revamp the management structure. Transformational leadership Akio Toyoda also can be categorized in transformational leadership by studying his action toward management structure he created. In China’s country department under his leadership, departmental heads will only answering to headquarters executives which isolated the managers and complicated coordination. This method making way for them to work closely with each other and report to an executive vice president who can make decisions for the China business instead of waiting for the corporate approvals. ) Where on the continuum of leadership behaviour would you place Yoshi Inaba, and why? Continuum of leadership behaviour that emphasizes decision making can be arranged into 7 type of behaviour: 1. The manager makes the decision and announces it 2. The manager â€Å"sells† the decision 3. The manager presents ideas and invites questions 4. The manager presents a tentative decision that is subject to change 5. The manager presents the problem, gets suggestions and then makes the decision 6. The manager defines the limits and asks the group to make a decision 7. The manager permits the group to make decisions within prescribed limits Yoshi Inaba helps Toyota managers grapple with decisions about balancing market share and profitability. He can be placed in and as the manager, who permits the group to make decisions within prescribed limits in the continuum of leadership behaviour. Yoshi Inaba can be characterized as a leader who makes decision by exercising little control and allowing subordinates much freedom and self-direction. He is becoming an equal member of problem solving group which is allowing his managers to fact finding some solutions in balancing market share and profitability, bring it in discussion and finding the best achievable solutions. The best example in this context is when an official from the U. S division described about competitive price cuts and warn him about the sales and profits which could be affected if he couldn’t give discounts for the rental car companies that buy in volume. He participates in discussion and suggested alternate solution by selling to businesses that buy in volume which contribute to higher profit opportunities. â€Å"Maybe we lose in terms of total volume,† but that’s acceptable because â€Å"it’s all about return† this quote explain to us of his participation and his way of acted as equal member in finding solutions.

Learning from Mistake, Agree or Disagree

I don't like to make mistake. Everything to me has to be perfect because I felt that if one person made a mistake the first time, how they would be able to do anything. That is why learning from mistake is impossible to me. When you make mistake and try to learn something from your mistake, you will waste lots of things, ruin the way that people look about you. In addition, learning from mistakes will make you regret much. First of all, learning from our mistakes will waste you lots of things. You will waste your time because you have to do again everything that you did in the wrong way.It seems too hard to start something again which is done one time already. By doing again, you will feel bored and tired. Not only doing it over, but also, you have to find where you did it wrong and give yourself a lesson in order to prevent from making that mistake once more. Studying in this school is an example. If you failed, you had to spend 16 weeks in fall or spring semester and 8 weeks in sum mer semester. You have to study again. In addition, learning from your mistake will waste your money. Failing in this school is an instance.You have to spend lots of money on the subject that you failed to study again. Spending 75 US dollar for each subject in ELS program and 150 US dollar for each subject in AAS program is the result. In learning, you always have many chances to fix your mistake but how about in working, will you have any opportunity? In reality, the real world, you will not have second chance. Especially, in the business world, where everything is a competition, you do not have the time to learn from mistakes. So, you are forced to do everything completely.Even though you can learn from your mistakes, you do not have chance to fix them. It means that you will be going to end up your career. That is the reason why I don't like to learn from my mistakes. Secondly, in daily life, learning from mistakes will ruin the way that your friends and family look or feel about you. Everyone will look at you with a strange way if you learn from your mistakes. In addition, they will laugh at you as a silly person. Even though you learn from mistakes, they will make you feel uncomfortable. My cousin is as an illustration.She failed high school exam. She said to me that her old friends looked at her with their curious eyes; her neighbor and her relative always annoyed her with their questions. She seemly lost her hope though she had a lesson from her mistakes and knew how to overcome this hard situation. In life, learning from your mistakes will affect your job and your ability to success. When you work in a company and you always say that I have lots of experience from my mistakes. Then, you continue making mistakes. What will your boss and you co-worker think about your ability?Of course, they will suspect your capability. In addition, does the company want to hire employees that always make mistake and say that they learn a lot from their mistakes? In my point of view, people do not care about if you learn from your mistakes or not. They just look at your mistake because caring about your learning from mistakes dose not bring any benefits to them. In a company, the boss just wants to have perfect employees- hard working and aâ‚ ¬? no-mistakeaâ‚ ¬? employees. More over, your boss may think that if he allows employees to make mistakes, how will they ever learn?They will just keep on making even more mistakes. Further more, when you learn from your mistakes, people who do not like you will know where you are weak. It will be easy for them to let you down. They can seize your status in your company. Everything that you have will not belong to you any more. It belongs to people who want to harm you. So, learning from your mistakes will deteriorate yourself and bring disadvantages to your life. Thirdly, learning from mistakes will make you regret much. You may think that you do not willing to do any things that you face.You have not enough experience to overcome your challenges. Further more, you will be diffident when you face some hard situations. So, you do not concern much about what you are doing. Students who learn from their mistakes will be discouraged because they used to not to pay more attention to their study. They do not prepare any things for their future. In addition, felling ashamed and giving up their goal is the affect of learning from mistakes. The more complicated mistakes they learn, the more shameful they feel. To me, if I do something, you I will do it for a reason and I will not regret.I find that regretting is a bad way. If you know results that will not good for you, why donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t you try to prevent that? To me, I before doing something will always attempt to think about what Iaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢m going to do first. In addition, I usually consider about the result of doing something. I ask myself that if doing some things will bring benefit to me or not. So, I may choose the way that will not make me regret. Right now, we are living in an achievement and success oriented world. So, a popular rule is whenever you do anything, try to do it right.That is why, to me, learning from mistakes is something unacceptable. In conclusion, I do not like learning from mistakes. Everybody can reduce as much mistake as possible. By preparing yourself and hard working, I believe that you can overcome everything in your life. In addition, do not think about learning from your mistakes because it just brings disadvantages to your life. It not only makes you spend lots of things, but also lays down the way that your relative look at you and makes you regret much. Hopefully, you will be strong and confident to overcome every hard situation.

History Germany Essay Essay

How far do you agree that the new Weimar Republic was seriously threatened by political extremists in the years 1919-24? (30 marks) Between the years 1919 and 1924 the Weimar Republic experienced many threats against its new democratic regime, however it could be argued that none of the threats ever truly had the ability or support required to overthrow the new state, therefore rendering the attempts by the political extremists as not that threatening. The Weimar Republic saw the end of the Kaiser’s rule and the start of a new semi presidential and representative democratic ruling. Even dating back to the formation of Germany in 1870, the foundation of German Politics and power has always lain with the elites and middle class of the population. With the new Weimar Republic these elites were supposed to lose their power and control due to the democratic regime, however this did not actually happen. Therefore any political extremists that threatened the system, and in turn threatened the elite’s power, were dealt with in harsh manners. During the trials from the 1920 Putch over seven hundred people went to trial however only one person was convicted and given five years in prison. Since the Putch would have been an act of treason, and under German law, the punishment should have been death, however the fact there was so little convictions and such lenient punishments suggests just how strong the elite’s power still was and how strong the Weimar Republic would have been with the elite’s power backing it, but they would only do this as long as things were benefiting them. The Kapp- Là ¼ttwitz Putch of 1920 did lead to an exposure of the army’s reluctance to support the Weimar Republic due to the fact the army was ordered to act by Noske, the Defence Minister, however the leaders of the military refused to get involved and instead remained neutral. This therefore would have planted a seed of doubt into people’s minds as to how good the Republic would be as not even the army were going to protect it, which then would lead some people to feel unprotected and vulnerable, and  could have led to people turning against the democratic system and instead turning back to the old ways of running the country. Yet, this was not the case therefore suggesting that the Kapp- Là ¼ttwitz Putch did not pose as being that significant of a threat. The Munich Beer Hall Putch could be argued as being doomed from the start and therefore never truly being a serious threat. From the beginning and throughout it never had the support of the German people, with only a small number of people supporting their cause. Seeckt also used his powers to command the army to resist the Putch and with the combination of the Bavarian Police and the army the Putch was crushed easily with minimal deaths. However, in the end Hitler was arrested on charges of treason (again meaning the punishment under German law should have been death) and he only received a five year prison sentence yet he was released after just nine months. This again showed that the political power was with the elites and that the Weimar Republic was not as strong as first thought, yet the public were still willing to keep the democratic state in place and give it a chance to work. Therefore it could be argued that as long as people had a belief in the Weimar Republic and were willing to support it then any attempts by political extremists would never have been that successful and therefore they were never truly much of a threat. In conclusion, although the Weimar Republic did indeed experience many threats from political extremists, with some seemingly serious threats against it which showed the many flaws in the system such as the power of the elites and the army’s standing in the new regime, yet none of the attempts had enough public support backing them to have a serious impact. They just didn’t have enough public support as people, especially of the working classes, believed in their new democratic system, and wanted to give it enough time to start to evoke changes that would benefit them in the long run. Therefore the attempts could not have had enough of an impact to name them as being serious threats against their new democratic state.

Business Management - UK based Vodafone group Essay

Business Management - UK based Vodafone group - Essay Example In this essay, I have attempted to examine the Japanese cellular market and have tried to analyze Vodafone's performance in that market. Japan is the most competitive and developed market for cellular accessories and services. According to the '2006 Telecom, Mobile and Broadband market overview', Asia has been ranked as the largest regional internet market.(www.researchandmarkets.com).It is noteworthy that among the Asian nations, Japan is the regional as well as the global telecommunications leader. Empirical evidence asserts that internet penetration in the nation is high and it boasts of one of the most sophisticated broadband infrastructures in the world. Furthermore, it has been established that the mobile device is the most common and preferred medium for internet access.DoCoMo, the Japanese cellular giant is at the cutting edge and far ahead of America in offering total interoperability inside Japan. Another feature of this market is that the mobile content industry is very promising. Mobile phone content includes ringtones, standby displays, movies, games,weather reports and news. In the global scenario, Japa n occupies a strategic position in the mobile content market, even though Europe is a developed market by all standards. The telecom landscape in Japan is dominated by NTT's DoCoMo and KDDI.Other operators include Vodafone and Tu-Ka.Some companies are working towards entering the 3G market, this is likely to intensify competiton.According to Japan's Telecommunications Carriers Association, the number of mobile phone subscribers reached 100.22 million as of 31st January 2007.(www.itfacts.biz).Therefore, Japan is at the forefront of the development of a ubiquitous network society. Besides this, the opportunities for 3G services are abundant. The key providers for this service are KDDI with 19.8 million 3G subscribers trailed by DoCoMo with a 17.6 million-subscriber base. Vodafone claimed 4.8% of the 3G market as of 2005 end. Vodafone's strategic management performance: Business week online (March 2006) had reported, 'Vodafone may beat a hasty retreat from Japan. Five disappointing years after plunging into the Japanese market with a $13.8 billion acquisition of mobile operator J-phone, Vodafone is in takeover talks with Softbank, the Tokyo based internet, broadband and telecom service provider.' The article further points out that, 'over the last few years the British giant has been losing ground. Its market share hovers around 16.7%.Vodafone's troubles in Japan were mostly self-inflicted. It had slashed the budget for network upgrades, delayed the rollout of 3G handsets and tried to make do with global handsets of other markets rather than customizing its lineup for the finicky tech savvy Japanese consumers' Therefore the biggest cellular corporation in the world was struggling in the Japanese market. Following is an examination of some of the managerial policies, which could have hindered its success in Japan. Underperformance of the company could also be because of cultural conflicts. David Jones, CEO of the company tried to introduce the European working standards. Clashes between members affected the company's

Most Common Attribute Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Most Common Attribute Error - Essay Example According to Huczynski & Buchanan, (2013), fundamental attribution error is a â€Å"tendency to attribute another’s behavior to dispositional qualities, rather than the situation itself.† (p. 34). For this type of error to occur, there must be a valid situational factor in that people end up overestimating the dispositional attributions. Psychologists have proved that humans have a tendency to judge others without having any prior knowledge of what actually happened and thus apply dispositional attributions. Since it is something impressed in a society, Brookwell (2013) proposed that this type of attribution error is purely a cultural bias because it focuses on personal responsibilities and not behavior. Self-serving bias is a tendency to stable, dispositional factors and failures to temporary, and its link to self-presentation and self-esteem (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2013). Therefore, if an outcome, either success or failure, contradicts expectations, people will be likely to make situational attributions. When taking exams, a good number of students have hopes of performing well. However, when the results are out and they realize they have failed or performed far below their expectations, they always justify their failure with external factors, which are not controllable in most cases. Therefore, when people fail in cases where they put in a lot of efforts, they always attribute their failure using situational factors. Considerations that affect self-serving bias include projection of self-esteem in future, emotional state, desire for positive self-esteem, and culture. When people perform well with lots of efforts, they attribute their success to dispositional factors. In most cases, talking about failure is something everyone tries to avoid because of the unexpected reactions from friends and family. In the context of failing an exam, it is very easy for people to know even if they are not told

English - College Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English - College Literature - Essay Example The tone of despair and anger underlines a theme of hidden suffering, where people cover up their feelings, only expressing them in prayer, â€Å"We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries / To thee from tortured souls arise.† (1. 0-11). The speaker is not definable as male or female, young or old, but has a voice that could apply to many, as the poet shares the suffering experiences across a whole range of humanity, evidenced by the use of â€Å"we†. The metaphor of â€Å"the mask that grins and lies,† (l. 1) and the reason for using this protection, â€Å"Nay, let them only see us while / We wear the mask† (l. 8-9), signified how people may hurt inside for many reasons but want to hide the pain. It seemed to be a matter of pride, as in â€Å"why should the world be over-wise, / In counting all our tears and sighs?† (l. 6-7), to keep the suffering hidden. Dunbar was a child of slaves and he understood the suffering of slavery. But the concept of covering up our pain can apply to anyone; the mask is a symbol of the human need to protect itself. Often, at school or hanging out with friends, somebody can say something hurtful, maybe as a joke, so we smile or laugh in response, pretending not to be vulnerable and covering up our hurt. The poet expressed exactly how much we hurt and how the pretence can damage us. He makes us feel other’s pain and relate it to our own, and maybe realize that if we take off the mask, we could suffer less and become stronger. â€Å"Incident†, with the simple, repetitive rhythms of a child’s sung rhyme and point of view, gives a difference perspective on how people hurt each other. The boy speaker, most likely the poet, recalled a childhood memory with an ironic tone that suggests he had risen above that experience. Though the poem reads like a child telling a story, with true rhyme such as â€Å"glee† (l. 2) and â€Å"me† (l. 4), â€Å"bigger† (1. 6) and â€Å"nigger† (l. 8), its message is stark. The theme of racism and its

Rhetorical Artifact Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Rhetorical Artifact Term Paper - Essay Example This advertisement is directed by Lauren Greenfield, a documentary photographer, filmmaker, and artist and it aims to stop the use of like a girl phrase as an insult to women. Its purpose is to empower girls at their young age to avoid self esteem deterioration and build self confidence in their puberty stage. The target audience, men, teenage girls, young boys and girls are important as it shows that the advertisement is geared towards self conscious girls who care about what girls are like. The commercial focuses on the difference of understanding of the phrase like a girl to men, teen girls, young boys and girls. The young girls under ten do not see this phrase as an insult since they have not been exposed to stereotypes and sexism that surrounds women. One little girl even says â€Å"I do not know if it is good or bad but it sounds like a bad thing, like you are trying to humiliate someone.† The advertisement is an artefact, a cultural product in itself. This advertisement concentrates on one of the things that almost everyone has undergone; You throw like a girl or you run like girl! These words were thrown at us by classmates or even parents to their children. In this advertisement strong emotional appeals are used to empower girls to show them by showing that this phrase is not negative but instead show them how it is amazing to be a girl; strong tough and passionate. Since Always produces menstrual products for girls and young women their primary message is directed to this group of audience. By showing young women in their ad, and younger girls they have made the advertisement relatable to the audience. It is easy to imagine oneself , friend, daughter, or sister in the same position as the girls in the advertisement video. This advertisement is aimed at marketing towards the parents of the young girls since they are interested in their daughters’ happiness, seeing then self confident and

The history and perceptions of the secession crisis Research Paper

The history and perceptions of the secession crisis - Research Paper Example The conflict between Northern and Southern politicians was brought about by the massive western territories acquired by the United States in 1848 through the peace agreement with Mexico (Bartkus 1999).Southerners petitioned for the freedom to bring slavery into the newly acquired territories if the circumstances allowed lucrative ventures; Northerners demanded slavery clearly and completely abolished (Reynolds 1970). As stated by Huston (2000), the dispute had been raised by David Wilmot in 1846, yet it only reached an agreement in 1850 when the different sections of the Compromise of 1850 were ratified in Congress. Following the congressional resolution is the electoral affirmation that this agreement was definitely amenable (Crofts 1989). The congressional elections in the 1850 spurred Democratic wins of the compromise procedures in the North, which were eventually clearly reconfirmed in the 1852 presidential election (Wakelyn 1996). The reaction of the South to the Compromise was dissimilar. States in the upper South, namely, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, willingly agreed to the actions taken by Congress; however, states in the lower South, namely, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina initiated a large-scale controversy about secession (Barnwell 1982). In 1850, particularly in the gubernatorial and congressional elections as well as in state conventions, the Southern states that agreed to the Compromise of 1850 largely succeed ... rther, according to Huston (2000), for a number of historians, the major concern, and hence the core of their interest, was the secession debate, not the debate over union, and the common assumption has been that the cotton-dependent Southerners refuted secession as a remedy to the suspected Northern incursions on the constitutional rights of the South. Few recognize the attempt of Southern unionists to mitigate the secession conflict in 1850 (Wakelyn 1996). The Southern States Rights, those supporting either provisional or immediate secession, have gained most of the attention. The victors of the elections in the state of the Deep South, the Constitutional Unionists or the unionists, have been given very little emphasis (Wakelyn 1996). It is not occasionally claimed, specifically by scholars of the nineteenth century, that the winners did not only enjoy the rewards, they also gained much of the historians’ interest (Barnwell 1982), and history is thus presented from the stand point of the victors. Basically, fury over the compromise stemmed mostly from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. South Carolina, in particular, was willing to secede but demanded for the secession of the other states as well (Coppieters & Sakwa 2003). Governor Whitemarsh Seabrook had been given advise that other states harbor low judgments of the emotional security and intentions of South Carolina policymakers that if the state decided to act prematurely, other states would refuse to follow (Wakelyn 1996). George W. Towns, the governor of Georgia, requested to the state legislature in September 1850 the permission for a special election to commission representatives to a state conference to give opinion on the Compromise procedures (Huston 2000). John A. Quitman, the expansionist

Systems Development Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems Development Case Study - Essay Example As Pepsico need to improve the control of its spending, this is the reason why Pepsico decided to implement Purchase to Pay. This way, Pepsico could more easily track and analyze purchases, negotiate important discounts on volumes and prevent the overcharged orders. Most of all, Pepsico's objective was to obtain a centralized database of vendors and to make the entire process easier. We are explained, that Pepsico used to pay each vendor at every purchase. With Purchase to Pay, Pepsico makes monthly payments for each vendor, making the entire process less bureaucratic and easier to follow as the vendor is provided itemized statement detailing each bill of lading, invoice number, the amount of each check, and the grand total. The systems development life cycle approach which would have been best used for Pepsico's project regards the nature of the waste that Pepsico suffers from its vendors. By approaching the problem directly where it comes from Pepsico is approaching the problem the best way. Identifying the source of the problem allowed Pepsico to dispose of a wide range of solutions to tackle the issue. Apparently, Purchase to Pay seems to be fitting. Pepsico states that they anticipate" a savings of more than $10 million in the system's first year of operation and more than $43 million over the next three years". If we are in the situation of putting up a systems development life cycle, in the case of Pepsico it woul... e are in the situation of putting up a systems development life cycle, in the case of Pepsico it would appear that vendors would result as an issue, mainly because they are initially the major part of the problem. We would have the difficult task to identify why there are some purchases that are overcharged by some vendors and incorporate these data to the system which would result in helping Pepsico negotiate volume discounts. However, this difficult task would become increasingly difficult as we have to face the other side of the problem, which are the staff of Pepsico who couldn't originally - by a lack of knowledge, training or data - identify the issue when dealing with vendors. In consequence, the investigation should reflect the need of Pepsico to have a better communication within the purchase department. The opportunity inside the environment would be the availability of the data to my disposition. Even though the purchase staff may not be aware of it, I believe that there will be an important mass of data at my disposal. Also, one of the others opportunity would be financial as I could never doubt that a company such as Pepsico would not have the sufficient budget for such an operation. On the other side, another issue, apart from the vendors could be time, as we have seen, important volumes are exchanged everyday. Therefore, Pepsico would need a very rapid answer and proposition to start saving money and minimize costs. I could not doubt finally, that the preliminary phase would not result in a "go" as I don't think any technical problem or incapacity would arise in the scope of the nature of the issue. Naturally, the enormous opportunity would be to initiate a systems development for Pepsico. Not only because I would be initiating such a program

Learning Theory Annotated Bibilography Research Paper

Learning Theory Annotated Bibilography - Research Paper Example Fourth: Humanist learning theory is a â€Å"new orthodoxy†, a form of social control that keeps nurses from being flexible. It also expresses free market orthodoxy. Fifth, and most importantly: Humanistic learning theory emphasizes individualistic learning and values. But nurses must be socially oriented to be successful. They must coordinate with other nurses, with doctors, with medical practitioners and logistics experts, and with the community. Because humanistic learning, in Purdys view, directly detracts from â€Å"social learning†, it must be rejected for nursing. Instead, Purdy recommends a communalistic value system, ideology and teaching paradigm. He argues that nurses taught in this vein will learn how to coordinate and compromise with others more efficiently, and that this alternate paradigm is more effective for the unique needs of nurses. Hezekiah examines the benefits of feminist pedagogy for nursing education in Pakistan in particular and Muslim countries in general. The concerns are obvious: Feminist ideology in fundamentalist Muslim countries will be controversial. The question is if the benefits outweigh the risks. Hezekiah concludes that they do. Hezekiah claims that feminist pedagogy, when examined through the lens of Schniedewind (1993)s five process goals, have great potential for nurses for two reasons. Feminist pedagogy empowers nurses. It allows them to make decisions quickly without being vetoed or disrespected by patients, essential for delivering optimal care quickly. And it improves the health care system as a whole, because it allows female nurses to participate as equals and thus increases the pool of qualified medical practitioners available to Muslim countries. Social learning theory emphasizes the way that people, such as nurses, learn based on behavioral cues such as role models, superiors, and so forth in their social environment, and focus on making outcomes