Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations EssayWhy have the soldiers actually come to the Gargery house? They are there to get a pair of 5. custody fixed. 6. When the two convicts are found, what are they doing? They are fighting. 7. What does the second convict claim the first convict tried to do to him? He claims he tried to 7. mutilate him 8. How does Joe feel toward the first convict? He is sympathetic he doesnt mind him eating the 8. pork pie if it meant he wouldnt starve. 9. Who takes the blame for stealing the nutrient from Mrs. Joe? The first convict takes the blame. 10. Where are the convicts taken? They are taken back to the prison ship.Great Expectations Chapters 6 and 7 Questions 1. Why didnt dispatch tell Joe the rightfulness concerning the convict and the theft? He was scared hed lose 1. Joes trust. 2. What is probably the reason that Joe unite whisks sister? He probably married her to help 2. raise fritter. 3. What does Mr. Wopsles great-aunt run in the evenings? She runs night school. 4. Even though trounce attends the evening school, who actually teaches take how to read and write? 4. bird teaches him how to read and write. 5. What does Pip find out about Joes education? He finds out Joe never attended school. 6.What is the only word that Joe potentiometer read? He can only read Jo. 7. Pip agrees to help Joe learn to read and write. Why must they keep it a secret from Mrs. Joe? 7. She may think Joe pull up stakes want to rise and rebel against her. 8. What news do Uncle Pumblechook and Mrs. Joe pass on home to Pip? He says dismiss Havisham 8. wants Pip to play at her house. 9. What does Miss Havisham investigate Pip to come there to do? She wants him to play there. 10. Who first takes Pip to Miss Havishams house? Mr. Pumblechook takes Pip first. Great Expectations Chapters 8 and 9 Questions 1. What is the meaning of Satis? It doer Enough. 2. At what time have all the clocks in Miss Havishams house stopped? They have stopped at 20 2. proceedings to 9. 3. Who opens the gate to let Pip in at Miss Havishams? Estella lets Pip in. 4. What secret plan does Pip play with Estella? Beggar my neighbor is the game they play. 5. How is Miss Havisham dressed? She is dressed in a fine, but aged bridal dress. 6. How does Estella hurt Pips feelings? Estella is unkind to him and insults him. 7. Who does Pip imagine he sees hanging from a beam in the brewery? He imagines he sees Miss 7. Havisham hanging there. 8. Why does Pip lie to Mrs.Joe and Uncle Pumblechook about his day at Miss Havish ms? He 8. wouldnt be believed, he didnt understand everything there himself, and he didnt want to talk 8. about it with Mrs. Joe. 9. Pip cannot lie to whom? Pip cant lie to Joe. 10. On what subject does Joe lecture Pip? He lectures him about telling lies. Great Expectations Chapters 10 and 11 Questions 1. What does the mysterious stranger at the Three Jolly Bargemen stir his drink with? He stirs it 1. with a file. 2. What does the stranger give to Pip? He gives Pip two pounds. 3. How does Estella treat Pip in these two chapters? She is very unkind and insulting. 4. What is the Three Jolly Bargemen? It is a pub. 5. Who are the people waiting with Pip in the large room at Miss Havishams? They are relatives 5. of Miss Havisham 6. On what occasion are these people visiting Miss Havisham? It is Miss Havishams birthday. 7. Describe what Pip sees on the bridal table. He saw a bridal cake (though he didnt know at 7. first) covered with cobwebs. 8.Where does Miss Havisham want to be laid when she is dead? She wants to be laid on the 8. bridal table. . What does Miss Havisham ask Pip to do on this visit? She asks him to play cards again with 9. Estella. 10. What do Pip and the nauseous green man do? They fight. Great Expectations Chapters 12 and 13 Questions 1. What does Pip worry about before he returns to Miss Havishams? He worries about creation 1. punished for fighting. 2. What do Miss Havisham an d Pip do every visit? Pip pushed her in her wheelchair around her 2. Room. 3. Why does Miss Havisham ask Pip to bring Joe to her house? She wants Pip to become Joes 3. apprentice. 4. What does apprenticeship mean? It means to be bound to master to learn a trade. 5. What does Miss Havisham pay Joe for Pips apprenticeship? She pays him 25 pounds. 6. How does Joe overawe Pip at Miss Havishams? -He has a crude appearance and rough speech. 7. Who does Pip confide in? Pip confides in biddy. 8. What does Miss Havisham instruct Estella to do? She instructs her to break their hearts. 9. Who takes the credit for Pips apprenticeship? Mr. Pumblechook takes credit for it. 10. How does Pip feel about his apprenticeship to Joe? Pip is disappointed in it. Great Expectations Chapters 14 and 15 Questions 1.Why does Pip want to educate Joe? He wants to educate Joe so that he might be worthier of 1. my society and less open to Estellas reproach. 2. What is the reason Pip gives Joe for wantin g(p) to return to Miss Havishams? He says he wants to 2. thank Miss Havisham 3. What is the real reason he wants to return to Miss Havishams? He wishes to see Estella. 4. Who meets Pip at Miss Havishams gate? He meets Sarah Pocket. 5. Where is Estella? She is Abroad. 6. When does Miss Havisham invite Pip to return? She invites him to return on his birthday. 7. What is the describe of Joes armorer at the forge? The journeyman is Dolge Orlick. 8. Who causes the fight between Orlick and Joe? Mrs. Joe causes the fight. 9. Who joins Pip and Mr. Wopsle on their walk home? Orlick joins them. 10. What happens at home while Pip is in the village? Mrs. Joe was attacked. Great Expectations Chapters 16 and 17 Questions 1. What important piece of evidence was left beside Mrs. Joes body? A leg iron was next to her. 2. Mrs. Joe lives, but how is she afflicted? She has brain damage and is unable to talk. 3. What does Mrs. Joe repeatedly draw on her slate? She draws a T shape. 4. When Mr s. Joe draws this figure, who does she want to see? She wants to see Orlick. 5. What does the T represent? It represents a hammer. 6. Who are the two people Pip suspects could be Mrs. Joes attacker? Orlick or the strange man 6. he saw at the pub. 7. Who comes to live at the forge and cares for Mrs. Joe? Biddy comes to live at the forge. 8. When Pip returns to see Miss Havisham on his birthday, what does she give him? He is given a 8. guinea 9. Who does Pip confide in that he wants to be a gentleman? He tells Biddy. 10. What is the reason that Pip wants to be a gentleman? He says he is unhappy with his place in 10. lifeGreat Expectations Chapter 18 and 19 Questions 1. Who informs Pip that he has Great Expectations? Pip is informed by Mr. Jaggers. 2. What are the three stipulations of the inheritance? He will be raised as a gentleman, cannot 2. know the identity of the person giving him his fortune, and his acceptance of the other conditions. 3. Who is to be Pips guardian while he is in London? Mr. Jaggers is to be Pips guardian. 4. Who is to be Pips tutor while he is in London? Pips tutor is to be Matthew Pocket. 5. When Mr. Jaggers offers Joe money to compensate for the loss of Pips services, what does the blacksmith do? Joe declines it. 6. Who does Pip believe is his benefactor? He believes it is Miss Havisham. 7. Why does Pip visit Mr. Trabb, the tailor? He visits Mr. Trabb to get a suit for London. 8. How does the reader know that Biddy understands Joe better than Pip does? She asks Pip if he 8. ever consider that Joe may be proud when he asks her to help Joe. 9. How has the behavior of Mr. Pumblechook and Mr. Trabb changed toward Pip? They treat him 9. well better. 10. Where is Pip going at the end of Chapter 19? He is going to London. Great Expectations Chapters 20 and 21 Questions 1. What is the name of Mr.Jaggers clerk? Mr. Wemmick is Mr. Jaggers clerk. 2. What is the name of the pale young gentleman? The gentlemans name is Herbert. 3. Wh at is Pips impression of London? He sees it as ugly, crooked, and dirty. 4. What is the name of the inn where Pip is to live? He is to live at Barnards Inn. 5. What does Mr. Jaggers give to Pip? He gives Pips his allowance. 6. Who walks Pip to Barnards Inn? Mr. Wemmick walks Pip to the inn. 7. What kind of lawyer is Mr. Jaggers? He is a criminal refutal lawyer. 8. Where have Pip and Herbert Pocket met before now? They met at the Satis Houses garden, 8. here they fought 9. What is Pips impression of Mr. Jaggers? He is a frightening person. 10. What is the name of the prison located near Mr. Jaggers office? It is called Newgate Prison. Great Expectations Chapters 22 and 23 Questions 1. How does Herbert feel about Estella? He is also attracted to her, but also knows about her 1. true character. 2. What name does Herbert give to Pip? He names him Handel. 3. Why is Pip named Handel? He names him after Handels The Harmonious Blacksmith. 4. What is one of the first lessons Herber t teaches Pip? He teaches him table manners. 1.What relation is Estella to Miss Havisham? Miss Havisham adopted her. 2. Does Miss Havisham have any brothers or sisters? She has a half-brother. 3. Who did Mr. Havisham leave his vast fortune to after his expiry? He left his fortune to Miss 3. Havishams fiance 4. What two men conspired to swindle Miss Havisham out of her money? Her half-brother and 4. her fiance. 5. Which character is ghost with peerage, titles, and nobility? Mrs. Pocket is obsessed with 5. peerage, titles, and nobility. 6. Who are the other two students living at Matthew Pockets home? They are Bentley Drummle 6. nd Startop. Great Expectations Chapters 24 and 25 Questions 1. When Pip is invited to Mr. Jaggers home, who does Wemmick want Pip to notice?Does Pip go to see Joe, Biddy, and his sister while he is in town? Pip doesnt visit them. 3. Who rides on the coach with Pip? Two convicts ride with Pip. 4. What does Pip overhear the convicts discussing? How the convict Pip helped asked him to 4. deliver money to Pip. 5. When Pip arrives in his village, who does he find has taken all the credit for his good fortune? 5. He finds Mr. Pumblechook has taken all the credit. 6. Who admits Pip into Miss Havishams gate and is now working for her? Orlick now works for 6. her. 7. How has Estella changed since the culture time Pip saw her? Pip describes her as a ravishing young 7. woman. 8. What does Miss Havisham tell Pip to do to Estella? She tell Pip to contend her. 9. How does Pip recognize Estella when he first arrives? Pip recognizes her by her eyes.

Garnier Report Essay Example for Free

Garnier Report EssayThe first Garnier product was made by Alfred Garnier in 1904, a sensory bull tonic. The full society name, Laboratories Garnier, originated in the 1920s as a producer of haircare products made with organic ingredients. Garnier continues that mission today, as all of its products are made with natural ingredients. The LOreal crowd has owned Garnier since 1965.LOrealLOreal, based in France and the United States, has been in operation since 1909. It now owns five divisions including Garnier. LOreal has a focus on enquiry, especially studies in sustainable development, with research centers on three continents. ProductsGarnier currently has three product lines Fructis, Nutrisse and Nutritionist. Fructis, started in 1996, is the Garner line of haircare and styling products. Nutrisse, Garniers hair color line released in 2002, was originally called Natea when it debuted in 1998. Natea wasnt as successful in the United States as in Europe, hence the name change. Garnier started selling Nutritionist, its skincare product line, in 2005.InnovationBesides introducing Alfred Garniers hair tonic in 1904, when people still used soap on their hair, Garnier has been the first to produce sun-care items (in 1936) and the first to make a permanent home hair color (in 1960). Today Garnier is the number-one brand in Europe using natural ingredients.ResearchGarnier exemplifies LOreals emphasis on scientific study. Research for Garnier goes through four stages at one of LOreals sixteen research centers. Then Garnier conducts clinical studies and consumer studies before releasing the product, as well as surveys afterwardGarnier uses scientifically proven, natural ingredients to promote optimum hair health and let inner beauty shine through. The Garnier Fructis hair care line and Garnier Fructis Style products, allow women of all hair types to get the gorgeous locks they want.Garnier products have garnered prestigious beauty awards from top magazines like Al lure, Health Magazine, More Magazine, CosmoGirl, and Cosmopolitan. The brand is also a sponsor of Project Runway and models of this popular man show strut the catwalk with styles powered by Garnier products.

Atropine Uses and Side Effects

Atropine Uses and Side EffectsAtropine is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine which binds to the muscarinic receptor in order to suppress the parasympathetic flighty system. It causes a reversible blockade of the action of acetylcholine and it poop be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at receptor sites of the makeors harmonium (e.g. by using the anticholinesterase agents which inhibit the destruction of acetylcholine). Atropine is an alkaloid or an extremely poisonous medicine derived from a plant called atropia belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade. belladonna plant is Italian word which means beautiful woman. In the Renaissance, woman utilise the juice of berries of atropia belladonna to dilate pupils as it was perceived as more at pamphletive. centre Atropine acts in the eye to block the action of acetylcholine, relaxing the cholinergically innervated sphincter muscles of the iris. This results in dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis). Th e cholinergic input of accommodative ciliary muscle of the lens of the eye in the eye is also blocked. This results in paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia). Besides, the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) occurs when the anterior chamber is narrow. It go out further raise IOP in glaucoma patients because it will obstruct evacuation of aqueous humor by the Schlemm channel. Atropine is thus contraindicated in these patients. Another moment of antimuscarinic drugs is to reduce lacrimal secretion which produces dryness in eyes.Atropine has a silenter onset and more prolonged effect in eye as maximum mydriatic effect occurs around 30 to 40 legal proceeding and maximum cycloplegia takes several hours. Mydriasis usually lasts 7 to 12 days and cycloplegia may persist for 14 days or longer.Cardiovascular system The vagus (parasympathetic) steel that innervate the heart release acetylcholine (ACh) as their primary neurotransmitter to slow the heart rate. ACh binds to muscari nic receptors (M2) that are found on cells comprising the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes.Atropine has a potent and prolonged effect on the heart muscle. It inhibits the effect of excessive vagal nerve activation on the heart like sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block (delay in the conductivity of electrical impulses at the AV node of the heart) by binding to muscarinic receptors in order to pr pointt ACh from binding to and activating the receptor. Thus, atropine speeds up the heart rate and increases conductivity velocity as it very effectively blocks the make of parasympathetic nerve activity on the heart. There are little effects on line of descent pressure since most resistance blood vessels do not have cholinergic innervations. Small doses of atropine employ may decrease the heart rate, yet, large doses used definitely causes increasing of the heart rate.Central nervous system Atropine has minimal stimulant effects on the central nervous system, especially m edullary centers, and a slower, longer-lasting sedative effect on the brain. Low doses atropine may produce mild restlessness and higher doses may produce agitation and hallucination. With still larger doses, stimulation is followed by depression leading to circulatory collapse and respiratory failure after a period of paralysis and coma.Respiratory tract The parasympathetic nervous system regulate bronchomotor tone and secretionary glands of the airway. Since atropine is an antagonist muscarinic drug, it inhibits the secretion of nose, mouth, pharynx and bronchi, and thus dries the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. And it also relaxes bronchial insipid muscle, producing bronchodilation and decreasing airway resistance. The effect is more important in patients with airway disease like asthma.Gastrointestinal tract Motility and secretions of gastrointestinal tract are declined by atropine. GI smooth muscle motility is affected from the stomach to the colon by decreasing t one, amplitude and frequency of the peristaltic contractions. However, the gastric secretion is only slightly reduced.genitourinary tract The antimuscarinic action of atropine relaxes smooth muscle of the ureters and bladder wall in order to decrease the normal tone and amplitude of contractions of the ureters and bladder. Atropine has not signifi batcht effect on the uterus.Sweat glands Small doses of atropine inhibit the activity of sweat glands, producing hot and dry on the scrape. Sweating may be sufficiently depressed and this will nobble the body temperature if using the larger doses in adult or at high environmental temperatures. For the infant or children who are administered large doses or even ordinary doses may cause atropine fever.Atropine is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mucosal membrane, conjunctival membranes, and to some extent through intact skin when presumptuousness by oral street, solution, ointment or injection route (directly goes into muscle or vein). Pharmacological activity of paranteral administration is 2-3 times greater than enteral route. distributionAtropine is rapidly cleared from the blood and is distributed throughout the body. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and placenta. Peak plasma concentrations of atropine are reached within 30 minutes. The duration of action of atropine administered by general route would be approximately 4 -6 hours.MetabolismAfter administration, atropine disappears rapidly from the blood with a half-life of 2 hours. The half-life of atropine is slightly shorter in females than males. Then it is metabolized in the liver by oxidation and conjugation to give inactive metabolites.ExcretionThe drugs effect on parasympathetic function declines rapidly in all organs except the eye. Effects on the iris and ciliary muscle persist for more than 3 days. About 50% of the dose is excreted within 4 hours and 90% in 24 hours in the urine, about 30 to 50% as unchanged drug.Therapeu tic usesAs preanaesthetic medicationtsAtropine is used to block two effects in particular during anaesthesia, secretions in the respiratory tract in response to the irritating nature of some inhalant anaesthetics, and bradycardia (slowing of the heart) which accompanies most anaesthetics due to the block of muscarinic receptors in the heart. Overall, atropine throw out reduce the risk of airway obstruction and increase the heart beat when anaesthetic drug is going to be used.Ophthalmological usesTopical atropine is used as a cycloplegic (temporarily paralyze the accommodation) and as a mydriatic (dilate the pupils) for accurate measurement of refractive error in patients. A second use is to prevent synechiae (adhesion) formation in uveitis and iritis. After local administration in the form of ophthalmic solution, the onset of atropine is around 30 minutes and it effects last very long dilation of pupil can persist several days.Cardiovascular disordersInjection of atropine is used i n the treatment of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate) due to excessive vagal tone on the SA and AV node. It accelerates the cardiac rate by reduction of vagal tone and suppression of reflex bradycardia during arterial hypertension. In addition, atropine is also used primary for sinus node dysfunction (inappropriate atrial rates) and symptomatic second-degree heart block (irregularities in the electrical conduction system of the heart).Respiratory disordersParenteral atropine can be used as a preoperative medication to suppress bronchiolar secretions when anaesthetics are used. It can be used to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Gastrointestinal disordersAtropine is seldom used to treat pepti-ulcer nowadays. Atropine can provide some relief in the treatment of common travelers diarrhea (irritable gut movement). It is often combined with an opioid antidiarrheal drug in order to discourage abuse of the opioid agent.Urinary disordersAtro pine is used to relieve bladder spasm after urologic military operation and for treating urinary urgency caused by minor inflammatory bladder disorder.HyperhidrosisIt is an excessive and profuse perspiration. Atropine can reduce the secretion of sweat glands by inhibiting the Ach binds to the muscarinic receptors.cholinergic poisoningBy blocking the action of ACh, atropine also can be used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning caused by inhibition of cholinesterase and nerve gases. The atropine serves as an effective blocking agent for the excess ACh but does nothing to reverse the inhibition of cholinesterase. Troops, who are likely to be attacked with chemical weapons often carry autoinjectiors with atropine and obidoxime which can be quickly injected into the thigh. It is the only known antidote for VX nerve gas. Some of the nerve gases attack and destroy acetycholinesterase (an enzyme hydrolyzes ACh to give choline), so the action of acetylcholine becomes prolonged. Ther efore, atropine can be used to depress the effect of ACh.Parkinsons diseaseAtropine is used to treat the symptom of Parkinson such as drooling sweating rigidity and tremors. However, with the wide array of uses and side effects that atropine has, it has been replaced by several other medicines that are more effectively in treating Parkinsons.Adverse effectAtropine and its possible side effect can affect undivided people in various ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with atropine. Not all the patients using this antimuscarinic drug will experience the same effects. These effects are intensified as the dosages are increased.General chest pain, excessive thirst, weakness, dehydration, feeling hot, injection site reaction, fever. affectionateness dilation pupil, pupil poorly reactive to light, photophobia, blurred vision, decreased accommodation, decreased contrast sensitivity, decreased visual acuity, dry eyes or dry conjunctiva, penetr ative angle closure glaucoma, irritated eyes, allergic conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis, heterophoria, red eye due to excess blood supply (hyperaemia).Psychiatric hallucination, mental confusion, agitation, restlessness, anxiety, redness especially in elderly, fatigue.Central nervous system headache, nervousness, dizziness, drowsiness, muscle twitching, abnormal movement, coma, difficult concentrating, insomnia, amnesia, ataxia (loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement).Cardiovascular tachycardia (increasing in heartbeat), acuate myocardial infarction, cardiac dilation, atrial arrhythmias, paradoxical Bradycardia (if low does Atropine used), asystole (absence of heart beat), increased blood pressure or decreased blood pressure.Respiratory slow respiration, breathing difficulty, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure.Gastrointestinal nausea, abdomen pain, vomiting, decreased bowel sounds, decreased food absorption, delayed gastric emptying, reduction of saliva ry secretions, loss of taste, bloated feeling.Genitourinary urinary retention, urine urgency, bed-wetting, difficult in micturation.Dermatologic dry mucous membrane, dry warm skin, flushed skin, oral lesion, anhidrosis (absence of sweating), dermatitis, rash, hyperthermia (elevated of body temperature) drug and TreatmentWidespread paralysis of parasympathetically innervated organs can characterize serious over dosage with atropine. Dry mucous membranes, widely dilated and nonresponsive pupils, tachycardia, fever, hallucination and flushed skin are mental and neurological symptoms which may last 48 hours or longer. Severe intoxication, respiratory depression, blood pressure declines, coma, circulatory collapse and death may occur with over dosage of atropine.

Physicochemical Events in Production of Butter and Margarine

Physicochemical Events in Production of Butter and MargarineByeong-Keon LEEIntroductionMargarine and cover are cognise world-widely as spread, and have dominated the production in the western world, such as America including New Zealand. Recently, Asian countries particularly China and India have shown an append of cover consumption. The amount of butter China consumes was predicted to increase to 13% over the next decade (Fallow, 2013). Both glycerol trimargarate and butter have similar a taste, texture as well as nutritional values. The characteristic of both products are signifi offertly similar for example, water-in-emulsion and the plump content are approximately in 81% range. However, the two products are actually diverse when it is compared with the ingredients and the structure. The argument surrounding the diversity of butter and margarin is typically concerned with human health, the production of glycerol trimargarate is a man-made food which follows a lot of chem ical treatments and speculation that it might cause several diseases (Guyenet, 2008). On the other hand, the butter contains a higher(prenominal) level of cholesterol that can negatively influence human digestion (Collins, 2013). In this assignment, carnal and chemical properties and psychochemical answeres and the changes of making margarine and butter pass on be discussed. corporeal and chemical substance differenceBoth butter and margarine are triglyceride (triacylglycerol) in an ester linkage composure of glycerol and 3 generative person panes that also uses the water-in-oil emulsion process where water is dispersed in phase and oil in a continuous phase. The critical comparison and contrast between butter and margarine ordain be the ingredients which have different states in room temperature and the chemical process of making it.Butter is an animal dairy product which is composed of a Gordian chain of pure(a) fecund and unsaturated fatty acid, and a high concentration of animal cholesterol. As its clearly seen from the picture, the majority of fatty acids are saturated and some fatty acid unsaturated. The color of butter is normally yellow indicating it contains small amounts of carotene another meaning of vitamin A. (Reyes, n.d). The higher saturation levels of the fatty acids, contributes to the physical structure of the animal fat. gameyer saturation levels are highly correlated with higher London Dispersion forces. Hence, due to the high London Dispersion Forces retention the saturated flummoxs together, animal fat is solid at room temperature (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, n.d.).Figure 2. Percentage composition of fatty acid in butterIn contrast, margarine is a substitution of butter spread made from veg oil. Oil has a lot of double bonds, which typically disrupts the London dispersion forces between fatty acids and low effective surface area which the molecules do not pack together giving a lower melting pointThe mixed vegetable oil, like soyabean oil or corn oil has a structure of mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturate of fatty acids and those unsaturated fats that need to be converted into a semi-solid to nurse margarine. This process is called hydrogenation or additional reaction, by adding hydrogen gas with nickel catalyst in a double bond of unsaturated fat. The double bond become a single bond, and this makes the molecules pack together better. In other words, the London dispersion forces become active and the fundamental interaction between the molecules is called the Van Der Waals interaction (Burrows, 2009). The results of the hydrogenated vegetable oil, are of it process to solidify at room temperature. The majority of fatty acid in margarines are unsaturated. Most fatty acids have a cis-form and margarine is unlikely to form trans-fatty acid. During the hydrogenation, some of the fatty acid will tend to form trans-addition.Figure 4. Hydrogenation reaction occur in unsaturation reactionChemical process of butt erThe milk itself come from the cow which does not have to add artificial ingredients. whence butter contains nutritional values such as fat, protein and different types of vitamins which are found originally in milk. The chemical process is bulgelined in figure 4, that depicts the chemical process. For example pasteurization the ripening, aging and turbulent are the most significant factors for making butter scan.1) Milk separationThe standard raw(a) milk mostly contains 15 to 25 percent of fat globules, the globule is a tiny membrane filled with the fat molecule (Murphy, 2011). When the raw milk is shaken, the globules membranes will crash against each other and break. As regard, the fat will start to burst out and tend to bunch together with the contents of other burst globules, consequently, the butter cream is separated from raw skim milk and the butter cream will contain approximately 38% of fat.2) PasteurizationThe raw cream has to be pasteurized to a temperature of 95 oC for 15 seconds to kill any interference in production of butter particularly enzyme and micro-organisms. This process is widely known as HTST (High Temperature Short Time) pasteurization. It is in truth interesting to note that nowadays, dairy industries implements UHT ( extremist High Temperature) pasteurization procedure to produce lower number of micro-organism, which leads to longer shelf life. HTST process are more favorable compared to UHT as in the production of butter, Lactobacillus sp. is cute to further ferment the cream, giving of specific flavors. In contrast, if the cream is subjected to UHT, any bacteria present in the cream would be eliminated, further contributing to no flavor compound formation during the ripening process (Butler and Media, n.d).3) Inoculation and ripeningAfter pasteurization, then for some time the helpful bacteria ripens in the raw cream so it can proliferate to render it in a better condition for butter making. The butter maker has made sign ificant improvements by means of experience, that ripened cream churns more rapidly than sweet cream. It take about 24 to 48 hours for the cream to fully ripen (Marina. 2011).The lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus) will actually further ferment or ripening the cream and breaking down the long fatty acid into short fatty acid (diacetyl compounds). This short fatty acid has which has unique taste and good smell. An increase in lactic acid causes a reduction in overall pH which cause the proteins in milk to change. As cream returns to room temperature, the lactose in milk begins to ferment and creating lactic acid which help to make butter. (Belitz, Grosch and Schieberle, 2009)4) agitationIt is a physical change which the process of churning butter consists of the mixing that separates some of the fatty solids out of milk. The formation of fat crystal can be influence by suitable temperature control during the ripening process. Fat molecule in cream are surrounded by memb ranes made of phospholipids and proteins which prevent the fat from pooling together. Fat globules are bumping into each other and membrane is breaking down when it happens the fat globules are trying to stick together. Agitation cream damage these membrane allowing the fats to pool together and form whipping cream.5) ChurningChurning is essentially strong mechanical cream shearing which tears the membranes of the fat globules and facilitates coalescence of the globules. The cream breaks any tiny granules of butter appear. In the churning compartment, a rotating impact wave cause butter granule formation. The separation compartment is divided into two parts. The butter is head start churned further, resulting in the formation of butter granules of larger diameter. As the churning continues fat molecule become popcorn butter which separate from butter milk. The popcorn butter has the same consistency as regular butter at room temperature. They put the butter cream on bulk tank where mixers sterile to go on the consistency. If agitation and churning of the cream continues, finally a solid is formed(butter-cream) and the remaining liquid (butter milk) is separated (Ripema, 1970).6) Washing, Cooling, and VacuumSubsequently, the buttermilk is separated and the butter is washed if necessary. which cause the butter-cream fat molecules to bunch together releasing water and air. In addition, cooling process and vacuuming is performed to minify to water and air content to 1% (Belitz, Grosch and Schieberle, 2009).Chemical process of margarineMost margarines are made from a variety substances such as vegetable oil and edible animal fats. It composed of approximately a 80% combination of fat, that is either saturated fat or unsaturated fats, approximately 18% of liquid which derives from either pasteurized skim milk or a soybean protein fluid (Ripema, 1970).1) Crude oilDifferent types of vegetable oil like corn and soybean are chemically extracted and refined to form g ross(a) oil and the crude oil can be neutralized and treated with a caustic soda solution that removes free fatty acid, and corrosive and bitter sulphur compounds (Sample, 2009). The free fatty acid, influences an undesirable taste. The process follows by washing then mixing with water, so it can separate, it is then left to dry with the tutelage of vacuum.2) ModificationMargarine is not originally a yellow colour which the decolourisation process is for removing the grey colour by the absorption to activated clay or bleaching process (Ripema, 1970). The bleaching process utilizes bleaching earth and charcoal material in the vacuum condition. The process helps to absorb any undesirable colorants, which will be later filtered out from the oil mixture. Other sustenance impurities are both organic and inorganic, which naturally occurs raw oil that is removed by the de-acidification process using akali treatments.3) HydrogenationThe hydrogenation is used as catalyst called nickel and the structure varies by cis-addition and trans-addition. This process helps the animal and vegetable oils blend and are able to let the formation from a liquid into a fat that is in a state that increases the melting point. However only some of the double bonds of polyunsaturated vegetable oil are hydrogenated and named partial hydrogenation. Therefore the degree of hydrogenation can be varied to give softer or harder margarine. (Haynes, 2014)Figure 10. Chemical reaction of hydrogenation4) DeodorizationThe modification is complete so the base oil is active to reproduce similar qualities to butter, this stage decrease unwanted smells and taste (Formo, n.d). The removal of the poor smell is by a batch process that steams the oil, the temperature used is very high and reaches from175205C in Europe and 235250 C in America, during this process the bad tastes and smells are taken away by the extractor fan. The oil can then be either further processed to make margarine or alternatively ve getable oil. (Singh, P. n.d.)5) EmulsifyWhen the emulsion of the stabilized immiscible liquids is amalgamate with the use of an emulsifier. The way margarine is constructed is through the emulsion process that adds salty water droplets in oil, as well as an emulsion ingredient to a cup. Salt content is modified as an emulsifier and renamed lecithin, the final stage is the separating of starch and emulsifier that forms a consistent mixture. Moreover, all the nutrients and color in the margarine are by artificial means made particularly vitaminisation processed into the margarine, to have a measured amount of vitamin with butter (Hasenhuettl and Hartel, 2008).6) Cooling and kneading processThe method for the cooling an kneading process has two shipway of completing, either with a tube chiller or a chilling drum-complector. Tube chiller method uses a closed system that has a hotshot step process. Unlike the Chilling Drum-Complector that has a longer process, allowing cooling and kn eading that lets the mixture rest, and the crystallization of fats at slower pace. However the advantage of the tube chiller is the reduced capacity of spoilage compact size in relation to production levels, and ease of operation. (Hasenhuettl and Hartel, 2008).ConclusionIn conclusion, butter and margarine have significantly different physical and chemical properties as well as physiochemical duties in the production. Although the nutrition and texture of products are the same, but the ingredients of butter and margarine are different and this leads to a structure of both products that have different qualities. Moreover, both products have a different chemical process. In fact, margarine has extra steps to convert the butter from a liquid state to a solid state, that furthers the need to process, using hydrogenation.ReferencesReyes, V. (2013). Chemical structure of butter. Figure 1 Available at http//scienceandfooducla.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/homemade-butter/ Accessed 15 May. 2014. P. B. Hawk, O. Bergeim, Blakiston, (2010). Fatty acids in butter. Percentage composition from Practical Physiological Chemistry,. Figure 2 Available at http//antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/butter-composition.shtml Accessed 15 May. 2014.Image by user called Smokefoot, (2012). Hydrogenation of fatty acid. Figure 3 Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ file cabinetH2forMargerin.pngfilehistory Accessed 15 May. 2014.Alpha Omega trial, (n.d.). Margarine composition in percentage. Figure 4 Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileH2forMargerin.pngfilehistory Accessed 15 May. 2014.Yokogawa Corporation, (2007). Stable and Accurate Density Measurement to bidding Fat Content in Skim Milk. figure 5 Available at http//www.yokogawa.com/us/technical-library/application-notes/stable-and-accurate-density-measurement-to-control-fat-content-in-skim-milk.htm Accessed 15 May. 2014.Andrews, R. (2012). All About Milk. Figure 6 Available at http//www.precisionnutrition.com/all- about-milk Accessed 15 May. 2014.Shannon, (2011). Making A Big Batch of Cultured Butter. Figure 8 Available at http//www.nourishingdays.com/2011/10/making-a-big-batch-of-cultured-butter/ Accessed 15 May. 2014.Castelli, C. (2008). Crude Corn Oil. Figure 9 Available at http//www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Crude-Corn-Oil_144278983.html Accessed 15 May. 2014.Quadro Engineering, (n.d.). Production of Margarine and mild Fat Spreads. Figure 11 Available at http//www.quadroytron.com/menu_app/food_margarine.asp Accessed 15 May. 2014.Belitz, H., Grosch, W. and Schieberle, P. (2009). Food chemistry 4th revised and extended edition. 4th ed. Springer, pp.pg 526 527.Collins, C. (2013). Whats healthier, butter or margarine?. NZ Hearald. online Available at http//www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6objectid=11169963 Accessed 15 May. 2014.Fallow, B. (2013). Chinas slowdown may be good for NZ. NZ Hearld. online Available at http//www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3ob jectid=10902631 Accessed 15 May. 2014.Formo, M. (n.d.). fat and oil affect (chemistry) Deodorization. online Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202405/fat-and-oil processing/50167/Deodorization Accessed 15 May. 2014.Guyenet, S. (2008). Whole Health Source Butter, Margarine and Heart Disease. online Wholehealthsource.blogspot.co.nz. Available at http//wholehealthsource.blogspot.co.nz/2008/12/butter-margarine-and-heart-disease.html Accessed 15 May. 2014.Hasenhuettl, G. and Hartel, R. (2008). Food emulsifiers and their applications. 1st ed. New York Springer, p.271.Haynes, F. (2014). Take the Guess Work from Figuring Out the Trans Fats in Your Foods. online About.com Low Fat Cooking. Available at http//lowfatcooking.about.com/od/faqs/f/hydrogenated.htm Accessed 15 May. 2014.Marina, (2011). Cultured butter CULTURED, AGED, BREWED. online Culturedagedbrewed.com. Available at http//www.culturedagedbrewed.com/2011/12/20/cultured-butter/ Accesse d 15 May. 2014.Murphy, L. (2011). Emulsion Explosion How to Make Butter. online Scientificamerican.com. Available at http//www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-butter-emulsion/ Accessed 15 May. 2014.Singh, P. (n.d.). fat and oil processing (chemistry) Deodorization. online Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202405/fat-and-oil processing/50167/Deodorization Accessed 15 May. 2014.Ripema, S. (1970). The Story of Margarine. 1st ed. Public Affairs Press.Sample, I. (2009). Trafigura case toxicant slop left behind by caustic washing. online the Guardian. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/16/trafigura-case-toxic-slop Accessed 15 May. 2014.Butler, C. and Media, D. (n.d.). Why Cant You Use Ultra Pasteurized Cream for Making Butter?. online Everyday Life Global Post. Available at http//everydaylife.globalpost.com/cant-use-ultra-pasteurized-cream-making-butter-42002.html Accessed 15 May. 2014.Burrows, A. ( 2009). Chemistry3. 1st ed. Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. page 85 to page 86.Brown, L., LeMay, E. and Bursten, B. (n.d.). Chapter 11 intermolecular Forces, Liquids and Solids. 10th ed. ebook The central science, pp.slide 18 to slide 23. Available at http//alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch115/Mridula/CHEM 116/documents/chapter_11au.pdf Accessed 15 May. 2014.

Specsavers: SWOT and PESTLE Analysis

Specsavers SWOT and PESTLE Analysis1.0 IntroductionThis report go away grant a detailed analysis of Specsavers current corporate appraisal SWOT analysis. This give highlight the companies strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which will help the companys make outment, understand where the boldness is now. A Five Forces environmental analysis of the labor will examine the local, national and global influences of political, economic, social and technological factors (in the form of a PESTEL analysis) to understand opportunities and threats veneer Specsavers currently and in the future. This will provide an evaluation of the external business environment in which Specsavers operates. This analysis will highlight the fundamental changes that the gist electric charge industry is undergoing, especially in defence to the unstable environment it faces from exogenous forces (oil prices, inflation etc) and endogenous forces.2.0 SWOT Analysis of SpecsaversSpecsavers main s trength is in its local knowledge of customers within the UK and Worldwide, providing a trusted eye c be service, affordable glasses and contact lenses to a number of countries in Europe and worldwide.. It also has a strong work force with highly trained opticians, who carry out professional eye test using the latest optical equipment. Its major weakness is its lack of luxury designer brand awareness nationally and globally relative to its major competitors like Selfridges. Specsavers faces external threats from existent completion (Boots, Vision Express) in the market place for eye conduct as well as cheaper low cost brands from the Far East. Changes in Socioeconomic conditions can also coquette a part in Specsavers future success, as buyers are now more environmentally conscious and ethically educated. The main competitors are all promoting a strong sense of Corporate Social Responsibility agenda. Specsavers must also be mindful of any potential takeover bids from the likes of B oots and Vision Express Group. find oneself Figure 1 below for a full SWOT analysis of Specsavers.Figure1 Specsavers SWOT Analysis INTERNALSTRENGTHSEstablished for 24 yearsWide ranges of products including hearing serviceUKs prima(p) eye care service provider with 830 stores in UK and EuropeValue for money 2 for 1 offersBrand AwarenessHuman resources Expert Opticians and audiologistsOnline BookingUse of latest optical and hearing equipment newly Version One System for document managementOPPORTUNITIESDevelop brand awareness globallyFurther expansion of stores internationallyNew designer frames from leading fashion housesMarket shift to globalisationNew facilities or servicesInnovation AlliancesDiversificationEXTERNALWEAKNESSESPerception of Low QualityDesigner Brand AwarenessDoes not stock high class brands like DG and BebeDoes not provide same day service like its competitorsTHREATSNew existing competitionVolatility in Price of FuelConsequences of UK recession and credit trava ilMarket shift to globalisationTakeover bids Norville OpticalFar-East eye care companies expansionExtremely high competition for customers and resourcesThe SWOT analysis of the company shows that its strengths are in its wide range of products and its reputation for carrying out a professional eye care service, large investments in latest optical and hearing assist equipment and its international presence. However, main weaknesses are low brand awareness for designer frames.Currently the company only distributes a number of designer brands of frames and sells it brands mainly finished its stores. Therefore, it has opportunities to venture into e-commerce solution through web orders of designer frames. Also access additional capital and consider retail partnerships. The company faces various threats from new and existing competition, economic recession and due to its low brand awareness in designer (luxury) market segment faces potential takeover bids.3.0 The Five Forces Model por ter explains that there are five forces inherent in a market, which will jointly determine the intensity of competition and profitability of Specsavers and the eye care industry. The prototypical is the threat posed by new entrants, as with the growth in designer frames being offered by Selfridges, Harrods, and Rackhams etc. The second is the threats from substitutes, laser treatment v spectacles, and the growing demand in laser vision correction surgery. The third force is the threats from the bargaining power of buyers, is this strong for both Specsavers and the entire eye care industry with a large number of alternative suppliers, hence, the aggressive pricing strategy, two for one offers etc. This results in a actually strong warlike rivalry in the industry. This is intensified as a result of little or no differentiation in the service offered. Finally the threats from the suppliers bargaining power, this is very strong in the eye care industry for two reasons, one is highly specialised products supplied by few manufacturers, hence, Norville Optical who can command a very favourable terms and second is the existence of many buyers within the industry.4.0 External Environment PESTLE AnalysisAll of those (political, economic, social, technical, legal and environmental) factors will to approximately extent apply to the eye care industry.POLITICAL changes in corporation tax in the future within UK and internationally. With trading operations in Europe and across the globe, is the political regime favourable to foreign investment. The introduction of Carbon Taxation could also pose a future threat to Specsavers.ECONOMIC the high-end eye collapse industry is vary recession prawn and also very sensitive to changes in prices.SOCIAL changes in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunities and threats for the eye care industry. Opportunities in terms of designer branded eye wear are now popular with high disposable income groups and also the g rowing grade in spectacles as a fashion accessory. The aging population in UK and throughout the globe will have a favourable involve upon the demand for eye care products and services. The threats are in terms of alternative vision correction treatments like laser and lack of skilled labour, will the educational system support future qualified opticians and audiologists, if not there may be a lack of supply.TECHNICAL Changes in retailing methods as such(prenominal) spec sales via the Internet is now a common place in eye wear, online appointment book with patients receiving an email containing their appointment details and booking reference when they book online. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT systems, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the stores. Specsavers has employ a new version one system for document management in order to provide a centralised accounting function fo r its 830 UK and European stores. The development of the next generation lenses will also lead to technological opportunities in terms of cost reduction and improvement in quality of lenses. healthy Threats are in terms of future legislations for health and environmental issues. Specsavers needs to be mindful of data protection act (freedom of information act) as it will store a large amount of patients personal details. Do the current (or future) employment laws provide an advantage or disadvantage to the business?ENVIRONMENTAL The efficacy sources used, namely oil has vast ecological/environmental implications. The threats are in terms of fines and rise in cost of raw materials. The introduction of Carbon tax will affect Specsavers future profitability.5.0 ConclusionSpecsavers is clearly an organisation with a strong brand awareness and reputation for providing an affordable eye care service, with operations in a number of countries in Europe and across the globe.Specsavers env ironmental analysis via the SWOT, PESTEL and Five Forces showed that the eye care industry is experiencing a change in terms of becoming more socially responsible and customer service focused (due to intense competitive rivalry). Specsavers needs to view those environmental changes as an chance rather than a risk. In order to succeed in the future Specsavers needs to see employees as the key to competitive advantage in an industry that is highly dynamic.Corporate and human resource strategies are developed concurrently. Specsavers needs to view its human resources as the driving force in the development of its overall business strategy for the future. There needs to be an overriding emphasis on developing opticians skills through intensive training design (2 year graduate programme) and continual investment in RD.The future environment of Specsavers will largely be impacted by the introduction of the Carbon tax, which will threaten Specsavers ability to continue to offer affordab le value for money glasses and contact lenses, as additional taxes will diminish margins, which could lead to growing prices.The internet will continue to shape the way Specsavers operates as a business, currently using it primarily for online appointment booking, but as the social trends change, consumers with particular lifestyles will prefer to use online shopping for ordering their frames and contact lenses. Specsavers has in recent times implemented an online document management system, to enable it to centrally manage payment of suppliers invoices. This has resulted in significant time savings and operational costs as a result of improve efficiency and discharge up of storage space.Word Count =1,550References BibliographyNeedle, D. (2004) Business in Context An introduction to business and its environment 4th Edition, ThomsonWorthington, I. Britton, C. (2006) The Business Environment 5th Edition, apprentice Hall Financial TimesACCA Paper 3.5 Strategic Business Planning and Development (2001) The Financial Training CompanyJohnson G and Scholes K (1993). Exploring Corporate dodge Text and Cases. Cambridge Prentice Hall.Porter M.E (1980) Competitive Strategy-Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors.

Interpretations of Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

Interpretations of SlaveryINTRODUCTIONSlavery is known to have existed as early as the 18th century B.C. during the Shang Dynasty of China. Slavery was widely good in many other countries, including, Korea, India, Greece, Mexico and Africa. (Britannica 288-89). When most people consider slavery, however, they think of Western slavery in North America because it is well documented and it was much(prenominal) a horrible institution. Even though there is no one definition of slavery, the people who study it (historians, anthropologists and sociologists) agree that certain characteristics are present in all forms of slavery. Slaves were property and objects, not subjects of the law. Slaves had few rights, always fewer than their owners. Slave were also limited to few social activities and were not allowed to participate in governmental decisions. Finally, any earnings aquired by slaves by law belonged to their master. Also, slaves were prevented from making their own choices regarding physical reproduction. Western slavery took each of these slave characteristics to a new take and as a result there are many authors who wrote about the evil institution of slavery in the Colonies. American literature is full of authors who describe, rationalize or oppose slavery, the most informative and influential of whom were Black writers because many were able to give a personal perspective on slavery. These Black writers had to trial to be accepted as literary writers before they could get their message across. The tradition of black writing in the United States is, in many ways, a history of attempts at literary liberation from racism-attempts to articulate in a specifically black context the characteristic American themes of freedom and self-determ... ...d by heat content Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin Group Publishing, New York, 1987. Costanzo, Angelo. Surprizing Narrative, Olaudah Equiano and the Beginnings of the Black Autobiography, New York Greenwood Press, 1987.Dougl ass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin Group Publishing, New York, 1987.Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Penguin Group Publishing, New York, 1987.Hughes, Langston, Milton Meltzon. A Pictorial History of the Negro and America, New York Crown, 1968.ONeale Sondra. Olaudah Equiano, Dictionary of Literary Biography, American Writers of the Early Republic, ed. Emory Elliot. Vol 37. Princeton Bruccoli, Clark and layman Book, 1985. Slavery. The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1995 ed.

Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Irony -- Rappaccinis Daughter Essays

Rappaccinis Daughter the Irony In Nathaniel Hawthornes tale, Rappaccinis Daughter, the reader finds numerous ironies, many of which are explained in this essay. Morse Peckham in The Development of Hawthornes Romanticism gives an explanation of how Hawthorne uses historicism in his early short stories Rappaccinis Daughter was in Twice-Told Tales in 1836 for an juiceless effect The Romantic historicist used the past for a double, interconnected purpose. On the one hand it was a means for separating oneself from society. . . .He can be aware of the tribulation of the institution to fulfill its avowed intentions and its social function. . . . Romantic historicism, therefore, is never an end in itself but a strategy for placing the current social conditions in an humourous perspective. . . .(91-92) In Rappaccinis Daughter the failure of the institution relaates to the medical establishment, which is traditionally sworn to uphold the health of people, but in this story Dr. Rappa ccini, out of scientific zeal, has been skewed away from the fundamental purpose of medicine. It is indeed ironic that he poisons his own daughter and her boyfriend, alienating them from society and dooming them. The tale takes place in Padua, Italy, where a Naples student named Giovanni Guascanti has relocated in order to attend the medical school there. His modest room is in an old mansion watched over by the landlady, peeress Lisabetta, a two-dimensional character given to religious expletives like, Holy Virgin, signor She seeks to make the customer content with his lodging she answers Giovannis curiosity about a garden next-door No that garden is cultivated by the own hands of... ... Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Rappaccinis Daughter. ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=HawRapp&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Ha wthorne. New York Fawcett Premier, 1966. Kaul, A.N. Introduction. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Peckham, Morse. The Development of Hawthornes Romanticism. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Swisher, Clarice. Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.